PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the location of bone signalabnormality and associated injury, as seen on MR, in patients with acute knee joint injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients with acute knee injury and bone signal abnormalities on MR were included in this study. Thefemur and tibia were each divided into six compartments, namely the anteromedial, medial, posteromedial,anterolateral, lateral, and posterolateral ; these were obtained in each knee joint. We evaluated the location ofbone signal abnormality and the corresponding arthroscopic or operative findings of injury to ligaments andmenisci. Cases with signal abnormalities involving more than three compartments were excluded. RESULT: Bonesignal abnormalities were demonstrated in 51 compartments. Most(84%, 43/51) were noted in the lateral half of theknee joint, the most common location being the tibio- posterolateral compartment(13/51). The femoro-lateral(11/51) and tibio- anterolateral compartment(8/51) were the next most common locations. All cases(13/13)with bone signal abnormality in the tibio- posterolateral compartment had tears at the anterior cruciate ligament,while 9 of 11 cases(81%) with abnormality in the femoro- lateral compartment had tears at the anterior cruciateligament. Six of eight cases(75%) with signal abnormality in the tibio- anterolateral compartment had tears at theposterior cruciate ligament ; 31 of 43 cases (72%) with abnormality in the lateral half of the knee joint hadtears at the medial collateral ligament. Six of eight cases(75%) with signal abnormality in the medial half of theknee joint had tears at the medial meniscus, but no lateral meniscal tear was found. Among patients with signalabnormality in the lateral half of the knee joint, the tear was lateral meniscal in nine of 43 cases(21%) andmedial meniscal in six of 43(14%). CONCLUSION: The location of bone signal abnormality, as seen on knee MR, inpatients with acute knee joint injury could be an important finding suggesting associated injury.
Collateral Ligaments ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Joints ; Knee Injuries ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Menisci, Tibial ; Tibia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CT in the differential diagnosis of tuberculous and malignant pleural effusion whether or not lung lesions are present, and to investigate the CT findings used for this differential diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved 30 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion (mean age, 44.6 years; M:F=19:11) and 20 with malignant pleural effusion (mean age, 57.2 years; M:F=10:10). All 50 patients underwent enhanced CT chest scans, and the respective conditions were pathologically confirmed. Two radiologists unaware of the pathologic results and distribution of patients reviewed these scans retrospectively and independently. They recorded the presence or absence of helpful lung lesions, CT findings of pleural effusions, their diagnoses, and the degree of confidence of their diagnoses. RESULTS: Among the total of 100 answeres, helpful long lesions were found in 57 cases. Fifty-three of 57 diagnoses (93%) were correct and 26 cases (46%) were diagnosed with a high degree of confidence. Thirty-two of 43 cases (74%) without helpful lung lesions were correct and 11(26%) were diagnosed with a high degree of confidence. All diagnoses made with a high degree of confidence were correct, even in cases without helpful lung lesions. Frequent CT findings in tuberculous pleural effusion included diffuse pleural thickening, enhancement of pleura, deposition of extrapleural fat, and pleural calcification; in malignant pleural effusion, nodular pleural thickening, pleural thickening over 1cm and associated lymphadenopathy were frequent. Mediastinal and circumferential pleural, as well as fissural involvement, were seen in both effusions; there were no statistical differences. CONCLUSION: In most cases, CT provided correct differential diagnosis between tuberculous and malignant pleural effusion. It can help determine the nature of associated lung and pleural lesions, and specific findings of the latter, and can accurately differentiate tuberculous and malignant pleural effusion.
Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Humans ; Lung ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Pleura ; Pleural Effusion* ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant* ; Retrospective Studies ; Thorax

PURPOSE: To analyze the result of a repeat discectomy for ipsilateral recurrent lumbar disc herniation and to investigate the potential factors that influenced the outcomes for this surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine patients, who underwent reoperation after lumbar discectomy with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years, were reviewed. The surgical outcome was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Macnab classification, and the recovery rate was calculated in accordance with VAS. A statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS to evaluate the possible factors that may have influenced the outcomes of the reoperation. RESULTS: The rate of reoperation after lumbar disc surgery due to the recurrent disc herniation was 6.0% (59/983 cases). The average recovery rate of VAS from the 1st operation was approximately 77%, and from the 2nd operation was 71%. According to the Macnab criteria, the results were “excellent” or “good” in 96% of cases. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no difference of the average recovery rate (p<0.05). There is no additional instability after repeat discectomy. Factors, such as smoking, precipitating traumatic events, and diabetes mellitus did not have much influence on the average recovery rate after repeat discectomy for ipsilateral recurrent lumbar disc herniation. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of repeat discectomy were satisfactory. Moreover, factors, smoking, trauma history and diabetic mellitus, only had a minor impact on the outcomes of a repeat discectomy.
Classification ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diskectomy* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Reoperation ; Smoke ; Smoking

Purpose: This study aims to describe and identify in-depth the breastfeeding experience of primiparas for more than one year using a phenomenological research method and to raise the understanding of the primiparas’ subjective experiences during the breastfeeding process to contribute to the improving and maintaining maternal and child health. Methods: This research was a phenomenological and qualitative study conducted on 5 primiparas who continued breastfeeding for more than 12 months. Data was collected through individual in-depth interviews from November 1, 2021 to March 20, 2022, and it was analyzed through the sixth stage of phenomenological research analysis presented by Colaizzi. Results: The study consisted of 10 theme clusters and 26 themes from meaningful statements about the breastfeeding success experiences of primiparas for more than one year. The 10 theme collections were "Planning breastfeeding during pregnancy," "Commitment to breastfeeding through information and education," "Challenges faced during breastfeeding," "Continuous hard work," "Continued conflict over breastfeeding amid confusion," "Connects with experts who lead the way," "Establishes one's own standards and direction," "Peace after hard work," "Solid and firm confidence," and "Deep-rooted beliefs brestfeeding serve as reminders." Conclusion It is expected that this study will help to understand the individual difficulties and problems experienced by primiparas during breastfeeding, the importance of breastfeeding education, the role of medical personnel in the early stage of childbirth, social and environmental support, and the importance of an active window for information exchange. By identifying these factors, this study can serve as basic data for nursing practice to promote successful breastfeeding.

Objective: Various patient placement criteria (PPC) have been developed to address alcohol use disorder (AUD), which has a high relapse rate and imposes substantial socioeconomic costs. Although research has shown PPC to be an effective tool, evidence supporting the Korean-PPC (K-PPC) is insufficient. This paper investigated whether treatment matching with the K-PPC was effective, based on variables related to AUD. Methods: In total, 524 participants were evaluated using the 6 dimensions of the K-PPC and levels of care (LoC) were recommended based on the results. Participants whose treatment matched with the recommended LoC were classified into the matched group, and those whose treatment did not match were classified into the mismatched group. Subsequently, treatment was planned according to the determined LoC, and a total of 3 follow-up evaluations were conducted at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Results: There was no significant difference in the follow-up rate between the K-PPC matched group and the mismatched group. Of the variables measured by the 6 dimensions of the K-PPC, alcohol-related variables, depression, insight, and biomedical outcomes showed the most significant results (especially alcohol-related variables) from the baseline evaluation to the 6-month follow-up. In addition, the average adherence to the treatment program in the 6-month period was found to be higher in the matched group than in the mismatched group. Conclusion The K-PPC could be effective for placing patients and providing treatment by matching patient characteristics. Enhancing treatment program retention can also have a positive effect on clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and the safety of two standardized preparations of vaginal prostaglandin E2 pessary (PGE2 pessary) and vaginal prostaglandin E2 tablet (PGE2 tablet) for the induction of labor. METHODS: Pregnant women who were hospitalized for the induction of labor from December 2002 to June 2004 at the Asan Medical Center were included for the prospective randomized study. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive PGE2 pessary or PGE2 tablet as a cervical ripening agent. A successful outcome was defined as a change in Bishop score of >or=3, Bishop score of >or=6 at 12 hours, or vaginal delivery after the insert placement. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-seven women (PGE2 pessary, 99 women; PGE2 tablet, 98 women) completed the protocol. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of a successful outcome (85.9% vs 84.7%; p=0.952) and the following mean times: (1) time to active labor (851 vs 751 minutes; p=0.207), (2) time to vaginal delivery (1024 vs 873 minutes; p=0.091). However, in parous women the labor time interval was shorter in PGE2 tablet group. In addition, no differences were observed in the incidences of cesarean delivery, hyperstimulation syndrome, abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, and adverse neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSION: Both PGE2 preparations were equally effective in achieving cervical ripening, initiating labor, and achieving a successful vaginal delivery. However, the vaginal PGE2 pessary may offer the advantage of prompt removal when it is required.
Cervical Ripening ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Dinoprostone* ; Female ; Heart Rate, Fetal ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pessaries* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Prospective Studies

PURPOSE: As the incidence of non-typhoidal salmonella strains resistant to antibiotics has been increased, we attempted to investigate clinical aspects of non-typhoidal salmonella gastroenteritis and antibiotics resistance. METHODS: From January 2000 to June 2002, 99 children with positive stool culture of non-typhoidal salmonella were studied about clinical features, the incidence of antibiotics and multi-drug resistance and the difference of incidence of antibiotics resistance according to immune status. RESULTS: There were 66 males and 33 females. The majority of them were under 5 years of age (71%). 25 children were immunocompromised due to chemotherapy, steroid or immunosuppressive treatment. Serogroup D was the most common isolates (65%) followed by B (16%), C (8%) and E (8%). Resistance rate of 30% to ampicillin, 12% to chloramphenicol, 20% to trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), 11% to cefotaxime and 8% to cefixime were obtained. All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacine. Resistance rate to cefotaxime and cefixime in immunocompromised patients was 24% and 14.3% respectively, which were significantly higher compared to that in immunocompetent patients (6.8%, 5.6%, p<0.05). 11 isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics. The incidence of multi-drug resistant isolates was significantly higher in immunocompromised patients (24%) than that of immunocompetent patients (6.8%). CONCLUSION: Because of the high prevalence of non-typhoidal salmonella strains resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and TMP-SMX, third-generation cephalosporin might be the treatment of choice in non-typhoidal salmonella gastroenteritis. In particular, antibiotics should be carefully selected in immunocompromised patients because non-typhoidal salmonellas from them showed the higher incidence of antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance.
Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Cefixime ; Cefotaxime ; Child ; Chloramphenicol ; Ciprofloxacin ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Gastroenteritis* ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Incidence ; Male ; Prevalence ; Salmonella* ; Sulfamethoxazole ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

PURPOSE: In order to investigate the functional brain anatomy associated with mental calculation, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In six normal right handed subjects, functional MR images were obtained using a 1.5T MR scanner and the EPI BOLD technique. The study included experiment I and experiment II. Each experiment consisted of five resting and four activation periods with each period of 30 seconds. During the activation period of both experiment I and II, calculation equations[an example: (4+5)x 8=72] were presented and the subjects were instructed to decide true or false of them. During the resting period of experiment I, the subjects were instructed to visually fixate on a crosshair. During the resting period of experiment II, two diagrams(an example: circle, square) were presented and the subjects were instructed to decide they are same or not. For the post-processing of images, the SPM program was used, with the threshold of significance set at p<0.00001. The activated areas during the tasks were assessed. RESULTS: In experiment I, the inferior frontal gyrus, prefrontal cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor area, and intraparietal sulcus including superior parietal cortex were activated bilaterally. Although these areas were also activated in experiment II, the activated signals in the right frontal and parietal lobes were lessened. CONCLUSION: The left inferior frontal gyrus and prefrontal cortex and bilateral intraparietal sulci were activated during mental calculation. The right frontal and parietal lobes might be related to attention and decision making.
Brain* ; Decision Making ; Hand ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Parietal Lobe ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rabeprazole

PURPOSE: In order to investigate the functional brain anatomy associated with mental calculation, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In six normal right handed subjects, functional MR images were obtained using a 1.5T MR scanner and the EPI BOLD technique. The study included experiment I and experiment II. Each experiment consisted of five resting and four activation periods with each period of 30 seconds. During the activation period of both experiment I and II, calculation equations[an example: (4+5)x 8=72] were presented and the subjects were instructed to decide true or false of them. During the resting period of experiment I, the subjects were instructed to visually fixate on a crosshair. During the resting period of experiment II, two diagrams(an example: circle, square) were presented and the subjects were instructed to decide they are same or not. For the post-processing of images, the SPM program was used, with the threshold of significance set at p<0.00001. The activated areas during the tasks were assessed. RESULTS: In experiment I, the inferior frontal gyrus, prefrontal cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor area, and intraparietal sulcus including superior parietal cortex were activated bilaterally. Although these areas were also activated in experiment II, the activated signals in the right frontal and parietal lobes were lessened. CONCLUSION: The left inferior frontal gyrus and prefrontal cortex and bilateral intraparietal sulci were activated during mental calculation. The right frontal and parietal lobes might be related to attention and decision making.
Brain* ; Decision Making ; Hand ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Parietal Lobe ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rabeprazole

Pancreatic duct stones are commonly associated with recurrent pancreatitis. They are believed to develop as a result of the calcification of an intraductal protein plug. A choledochal cyst is a relatively rare anomaly usually presenting with abdominal pain, jaundice and palpable mass. APBDU (anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union) is frequently associated with various pancreatobiliary diseases, including choledochal cyst, biliary tumor, pancreatitis and pancreas divisum. We report a 48-year-old woman who presented with right upper quadrant pain with a pancreatic duct stone, a choledochal cyst and APBDU. She underwent endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy, a surgical choledochal cyst excision and Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy.
Female ; Humans ; Cysts