This research mainly dealt with sanitation and hygiene related editorials quoted from educational magazines published in Chosun until the Manchurian Incident during the Japanese colonial period. The study revealed that modern Japan became aware of the importance of public sanitation from the late nineteenth century and established modern programs so that schools can comprehensively teach students about sanitation and hygiene so as to enter modern imperial society. Japan particularly introduced and carried out modern physical(gymnastics) education as a means of "complete sanitation and hygiene" to improve students' health. As a result of having two times of war, the Japanese Empire reaffirmed the significance of modern sanitation and hygiene. After colonization of Chosun, Japan organized official educational groups and enlightened the public about sanitation and hygiene through editorials on the educational magazines which the groups had published. In order for schools to promote complete sanitation and hygiene based on modern medicine, Japan actively engaged in suggesting the necessity of physical(gymnastics) education which was critical to human's growth and development. After Japanese Government-General of Korea legislated on school hygiene in 1913, Japanese governments school started hiring school doctors and nurses. They stressed the need of providing sanitation and hygiene education in school to prepare for war in 1910's in advance; highlighted that physical (gymnastics) education should be enforced to help students grow and improve their physical strength from a modern medical point of view. In April, 1919, the Japanese Empire implemented the same instruction to the schools where Chosun people attended. But it was found that the law was not applied well to those schools in effect. The Japanese Empire was seen to proclaim the second educational decree in 1922; proposed international hygienic achievement of the time and comments; enlightened the public by connecting "Fletcherism" of the USA with rice crisis, which was a big social issue back then. In an attempt to complement modern sanitation and hygiene, Japan strongly recommended students appropriate physical gymnastics as the most desirable and complete sanitation method, saying it would help them correct their imbalanced condition-which was found from physical examination - and grow up. They even claimed such an absurd logic that ones whose body did not develop normally tend to become criminals, reflecting the then atmosphere of the society, and considered military gymnastics as one of the most important sanitation and hygiene factors that positively influence growth and development. All the fact that Japan tried hard to apply the practice to students cannot be ignored.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Atmosphere ; Colon ; Complement System Proteins ; Criminals ; Education ; Growth and Development ; Gymnastics ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Hygiene* ; Japan ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Logic ; Military Personnel ; Periodicals as Topic* ; Physical Education and Training* ; Physical Examination ; Sanitation

This study investigated the anti-doping policy promoted by the IOC historical sociologically focusing on the period from 1968 to 1999. Public opinion surrounding doping control has emerged as a large amount of drug possession by athletes who had participated in the 1952 Olympics was caught, as well as following the acident where an athlete had died during the competition as a result of doping. From 1960, as many doping cases in sports games were exposed, several international organizations proclaimed fight against doping in order to seek a preventive measure. In 1961, the IOC newly established a medical commission within the organization. It was decided to implement doping control and female sex testing at the same time for all athletes who participated in the 1967 Olympics, and they were implemented from 1968 winter and summer Olympic Games. In 1971, the provisions for the tests were prescribed as mandatory on the IOC charter. From 1989, the OCT system was introduced as a measure to overcome limitations of the detection during competition period. As political problems and limitations emerged, WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) was established in 1999 to professionally manage and push for doping control. Female sex testing policy contributed to preventing males from participating in female competition by deceiving their gender to some extent. However, it was abolished due to strong public condemnation such as women's rights issues, social stigma and pain, and gender discrimination debate. In 1984, a doping control center was established in Korea, which enabled drug use or doping in the sports world to emerge to the surface in our society. Korea Sports Council and KOC articles of association that supervise doping related matters of Korean athletes were revised in 1990. The action of inserting doping related issue in the articles of association was taken 20 years after the start of IOC doping policy. Beginning with two international competitions in the 1980s, Korean athletes experienced doping test directly, yet education about doping was limited. However, some national team level athletes tested positive on the doping test and underwent disciplinary action. In addition, athletic federation or leaders acquiesced athletes doping made secretly; this indicated that South Korea was also not free from doping. It was found that Korea world of sports showed very passive countermeasures and development process.
Athletes ; Athletic Performance ; Doping in Sports/*history/prevention & control/psychology ; History, 20th Century ; International Agencies/*history/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Policy Making ; Republic of Korea

The authors analyzed 11 cases of pineal region tumor in young male patients who had been treated at the Capital Armed General Hospital. So, the following results were obtained. 1) Due to the army distinctiveness, all cases were young male patients. 2) An unusual large proportion of pineal region tumor(26.2%) was noted. 3) Headache and vomiting were main presenting symptoms and the duration of symptoms was short. 4) The tumors were mainly presented as a round well-enchancing masses with calcification. Also, nearly all were associated with hydrocephalus. 5) MRI was very useful for the demonstration of tumor extent. 6) Based on the classification of pineal tumor, the tumors of germ cell origin were predominant(81.9%). 7) The extrapineal metastasis was frequent. 8) The tumor marker(alpha-FP and HCG) was postive in 4 cases(36.4%). 9) Germinoma showed excellent prognosis for the irradiation following a drainage procedure.
Arm ; Classification ; Drainage ; Germ Cells ; Germinoma ; Headache ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pinealoma ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: Assessment of left ventricular function with conventional 2-dimensional echocardiography (2D echo) remains largely qualitative and subjective because the manual tracing of endocardial borders is laborious and tedious. An automatic border detection (ABD) echo has been recently developed that permits real-time measurements of chamber areas and cardiac function. METHODS: To determine usefulness of ABD echo, left ventricular cross-sectional areas were automatically measured from the parasternal short-axis image in 25 cases including 9 cardiac patients, and compared with those by off-line analysis of the conventional 2D echo image. RESULTS: In on-line ABD analysis, short axis end-diastolic area averaged 13.1+/-2.2cm2, end-systolic area 5.3+/-1.3cm2 and fractional area change 59.4+/-9.0% and off-line manual analysis yielded corresponding values of 14.7+/-2.5cm2, 6.2+/-1.3cm2, and 57.1+/-7.1%. The end-diastolic and end-systolic areas by both methods were significantly different, respectively. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic area and fractional area change obtained from ABD echo correlated significantly with those of off-line measurements(r=0.897, p<0.001 ; r=0.505, p<0.01 ; r=0.427, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Thus, these facts suggest that ABD echo is useful for on-line continuous measurement of chamber areas and cardiac function.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Echocardiography* ; Humans ; Ventricular Function, Left

BACKGROUND: It has been well recognized that exercise tolerance and angina threshold in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are reduced after a meal. But precise mechanism leading to the postprandial worsening of angina has yet to be adequately defined. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of a mixed meal on cardiac performance and heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with CAD. METHODS: 24 patients with angina or myocardial infarction were studied. Echocardiographic examination and heart rate variability test were performed in the fasting state and the other 40-60 minutes after a 600-800 kcal mixed meal. RESULTS: In the postprandial state, resting heart rate was significantly increased by 5.2% from 64.8+/-10.69 beats/min to 68.2+/-10.2 beats/min (p<0.01), stroke volume by 8.1% from 59.6+/-17.3 ml to 64.4+/-18.1 ml (p<0.01), cardiac output by 14.2% from 3.8+/-1.06 to 4.3+/-1.21 (p<0.01). E wave and A wave of mitral filling flow and E/A ratio were not significantly different in the fasting and postprandial tests. But DT and IVRT were significantly increased in the postprandial state (p<0.05, p<0.01 respectively). HRV was not different in the fasting and postprandial state. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CAD, a 600-800 kcal mixed meal significantly increased resting heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, DT and IVRT.
Cardiac Output ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Echocardiography ; Exercise Tolerance ; Fasting ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Meals* ; Myocardial Infarction ; Stroke Volume