Capasicin, a neurotoxin extracted from red peppers, has selective effects on peptide-containing C-fiber and induces the release of neuropeptides from sensory nerve endings. Mast cells and neuropeptide-containing nerve fibers occur in close proximity throughout in the airway mucosa, around blood vessls in the smooth muscle, and beneath the epithelium. Capsaicin stimuli trigger these sensory nerve fibers to release neuropeptides, which may then initiate the process of neurogenic inflammation. Neurogenic inflammation denotes the vasodilatation and vascular permeability changes that follow neuropeptide-induced mast cell antivation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether capsaincin could induce mast cell activation in vivo. For this, effects of capsaincin on the ear swelling of mouse, degranulation of skin and mesenteric mast cells, and vascular permeability of rat in vivo were measured. We found that in vivo capsaicin induced the ear swelling of mouse, degranulation of skin and mesenteric mast cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Additionally capsaicin caused to increase of vascular permeability. These results suggest that capsaicin induces inflammation through activations of mast cell.
Animals ; Capillary Permeability ; Capsaicin ; Capsicum ; Ear ; Epithelium ; Inflammation ; Mast Cells* ; Mice ; Mucous Membrane ; Muscle, Smooth ; Nerve Fibers ; Neurogenic Inflammation ; Neuropeptides ; Rats ; Sensory Receptor Cells ; Skin ; Vasodilation

Changes in CTB labeled motor neurons of the spinal cord were observed after the induction of peripheral neuropathy by ligation of the tibial nerve. Rats were anesthetized and the tibial nerve was ligated with 3-0 silk. The rats were separated into three groups based on the length of time the tibial nerve was ligated (1, 2, or 4 weeks). After the ligation procedures were complete, the tibial nerve stumps were soaked in CTB solution. Tibial nerve segments and the spinal cord were then observed. In the control and experimental groups, CTB-labeled neurons formed a discrete population that was concentrated primarily at the L5 level, while the contributions from L4 and L6 were minor. According to the distributions, CTB-labeled neurons were divided into rostral and caudal groups. A selective decrease of CTB-labeled neurons was observed only in the caudal group, extending from the rostral L5 to one-half of the rostral L6. The total numbers of CTB-labeled motor neurons were 2,160+/-169.3, 1,002+/-245.1, 587.5+/-346.5, and 1,728+/-402.6 in the control group, 1 week group, 2 week group, and 4 week group, respectively. The selective decrease of CTB-labeled neurons in the caudal division was responsible for the decrease in the total number of labeled neurons in all groups. Following peripheral neuropathy caused by ligation of the tibial nerve, CTB-labeled neurons in the spinal cord decreased selectively. These results may provide important neuroanatomical data regarding the effects of peripheral neuropathy by ligation of the tibial nerve.
Animals ; Ligation ; Motor Neurons ; Neurons ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Rats ; Silk ; Spinal Cord ; Tibial Nerve

We used cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as a neural tracer to localize motor neuronal cell bodies innervating the digastric muscle. After CTB injection into the left anterior belly, CTB-labelled motor neuronal cell bodies were found in caudal half of the left and right trigeminal nucleus, the left and right facial nucleus, the accessory facial nucleus and the accessory trigeminal nucleus in pons. The total number of CTB-labelled motor neuronal cell bodies were 1,179+/-119.5 in the left pons and 246+/-61.8 in the right pons after CTB injections into the left anterior belly of digastric muscle. After CTB injection into left posterior belly, CTB-labelled motor neuronal cell bodies were found only in the left ventral part of accessory facial nucleus in caudal pons and the total number of CTB-labelled motor neuronal cell bodies were 270+/-29.3.
Animals ; Cholera Toxin* ; Cholera* ; Motor Neurons* ; Pons ; Rats* ; Trigeminal Nuclei

In the rat brain stem, the nerves innervating sublingual gland was studied with submandibular gland together. Cholera Toxin B subunit (CTB), neural tracer, is not yet used to study the sublingual gland. The purpose of this study is to investigate the origin of neurons and afferent fibers projecting to sublingual gland by means of retrograde transport of CTB. CTB was injected into the sublingual gland. In the rat brain stem, neurons were labeled with CTB in superior salivatory nucleus (SSN), inferior salivatory nucleus (ISN), facial nucleus and their afferent fibers in nucleus tractus solitarius. At the rostal level of SSN, the labeled cells were found in lateral aspect of pontine reticular formation. At the level of facial nerve that transverse the dorsal part of the spinal trigeminal tract, the labeled cells of SSN extended in the area of facial nerve fibers. Labeled cells were also seen at the level of internal genu of facial nerve. In ISN at the level of facial nerve that traverse the dorsal part of the spinal trigeminal tract, the labeled cells were seen in the anterolateral direction of lateral aspect of reticular formation. In the facial nucleus, the labeled cells were confined in central part of facial nucleus. The labeled nerve fibers in nucleus tractus solitarius were seen in the level at which the medial border of the nucleus tractus solitarius meets the 4th ventricle.
Animals ; Brain Stem* ; Brain* ; Cholera Toxin* ; Cholera* ; Facial Nerve ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Fibers ; Neurons ; Rats* ; Reticular Formation ; Solitary Nucleus ; Sublingual Gland* ; Submandibular Gland

Neuropathy is a general term referring to disorders of nerves, and produces when the nerves are damaged. It is characterized by spontaneous pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. The purpose of present study is to observe the number of WGA-HRP (wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase) labelded sensory neurons of DRG (dorsal root ganglia), and distributions according to cell size of sensory neuron in tibial nerve ligation model (NLM). The tibial nerve ligation was performed with 3-0 silk by the application of three tight ligatures at the mid-thigh level. In the neuropathy model of rat tibial nerve ligation, morphological changes of sensory neurons in DRG were observed using WGA-HRP. Rats of NLM showed the neuropathic behaviors. Rats were shown guarding affected limb and limping. Their toes and ankle joint of operated limb were hyperflexed. Under light microscopy, tibial nerve showed degeneration of axons in NLM. In control and NLM, labeled sensory neurons of tibial nerve distributed L4 and L5 DRG. In control group, the labeled sensory neurons were round or oval in shape. They were large and small cells, and mixed pattern. Total number of labeled sensory neurons in NLM decreased significantly from control group. The number of labeled sensory neurons in L4 and L5 DRG decreased significantly from control group. Labeled large and small cells decreased significantly from control group. Present study may serve as the basic information about the changes of DRG sensory neurons in NLM.
Animals ; Ankle Joint ; Axons ; Cell Size ; Diagnosis-Related Groups ; Extremities ; Hyperalgesia ; Ligation ; Light ; Microscopy ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Rats ; Sensory Receptor Cells ; Silk ; Tibial Nerve ; Toes ; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate

The nerves innervating the sublingual gland of the rat was investigated using PRV (pseudorabies virus) as a neural tracer. The neural tracer was injected into left sublingual gland of the rat. In the central nervous system, PRV immunoreactive neurons were labeled bilaterally and tended to be more densely labeled in the left side. PRV immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies and fibers were observed in insular cortex, paraventricular nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus, spinal trigeminal tract, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus, raphe obscurus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, alpha. The more densely labeled PRV immunoreactive neurons were found in the deep mesencephalic nucleus, spinal trigeminal tract and lateral paragigantocellular nucleus. These results may provide a neuroanatomical data on the nerves innervating the sublingual gland in the rat brain.
Animals ; Brain* ; Central Nervous System ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid* ; Neurons ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Pseudorabies* ; Raphe Nuclei ; Rats* ; Sublingual Gland* ; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal

In the rat brain stem, neurons innervating the sublingual and submandibular gland were investigated by means of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). Injection of CTB into the sublingual gland and PRV into the submandibular gland, neural tracer labeled neurons showed similar positions in central nervous system with PRV into the sublingual gland and CTB into the submandibular gland. CTB labeled-neurons were observed in superior salivatory nucleus, PRV labeled-neurons in superior salivatory nucleus and reticular nucleus. CTB was more fine tracer than PRV for observation of superior salivatory nucleus. The size of CTB labeled-neurons is larger in submandibular gland than in sublingual gland. The size of PRV labeled-neurons were nearly the same after injection to submandibular or sublingual gland. No neurons were labeled together with CTB and PRV. Neurons innervating sublingual and submandibular gland were localized independently in superior salivatory nucleus. These results provided a neuroanatomical data of the neurons innervating the sublingual and submandibular gland in the superior salivatory nucleus.
Animals ; Brain Stem ; Central Nervous System ; Cholera Toxin* ; Cholera* ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid* ; Neurons ; Pseudorabies* ; Rats ; Sublingual Gland ; Submandibular Gland*

Since the beginning of anatomy education in Korea, the supply of cadavers was dependent on the dead of non-identified vagabonds, mainly. Recently, the body donation program was introduced, and it has been operating and managing. However, the management agencies of this program are numerous, medical colleges and organizations of society. Thus it is very difficult to find the demographic characteristics and the statistical data of cadaver donors. The purpose of this study is to compare the demographic characteristics such as the number of death, sex, age, the place of residence, causes of death and others between death in Jeollabuk-do of annual report of death statistics (National Statistical Office) and 110 cadaver donors at Chonbuk National University Medical School in 2000~2004. Numbers of the donated cadaver increased 1.9% from 15 donors in 2000 to 29 donors in 2004. The dead were 69,447 persons in Jeollabuk-do for 5 years (in 2000~2004), and 110 cadaver donors, 0.16% of death in Jeollabuk-do, were donated to Chonbuk National University Medical School at this times. There was a ratio of 57.3% male to 42.7% female in cadaver donors. The age of donors was sixties 26.4%, seventies 25.4% and forties 14.5%. The regional proportion of donors was highest in Jeonju city among 14 regions. The death causes of donors were the neoplasms with 35.5%, the diseases of the circulatory system with 12.7%, it was similar to the statistical result of the dead in Jeollabuk-do. The death place of donors was the highest in hospital. The christian of cadaver donors was 60%. The registrant of Chonbuk Council of Body Donors and some other organizations was 48.2% among the cadaver donors. These results may contribute to the supply of cadavers for the anatomical education and research as well as the proliferation of cadaver donation movement. We hope that the studies of the demographic characteristics to body donation will be continued with medical colleges in Korea.
Cadaver ; Cause of Death ; Female ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Korea ; Male ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Schools, Medical ; Tissue Donors

The light and electron microscopic studies were carried out to find the morphological changes of epithelial cells covering Peyer's patch after simple observation of gerbil (Mongolian gerbil) ileum. Animals were classified as the control, 6 hour-ligation and 18 hour-ligation groups. Terminal ileum was ligated with white silk around Peyer's patch without the vascular injury. In control group, epithelia of the gerbil ileum was consisted of villous epithelium and follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering Peyer's patch. FAE represented typical dome structure, and was composed of the cuboid absorptive cells mainly and M cells. M cells were distributed at the periphery rather than central portion of dome-like FAE that are distinguishable from absorptive cells, owing to their typically short and thick microvilli on its free surface. In the light mictoscopy on 6 hour-ligation group, cells with vacuoles were appeared in FAE, and some lymphocytes in lymphoid follicle were condensed and then densely stained. There are many lymphocytes in FAE, infiltrated through the interrupted basement membrane. In the electron microscopic findings of 6-hour-ligated group, absorptive cells appeared to have many vesicle and vacuoles in various size, some lipid droplets and membranous structure contained inclusion bodies. Microvilli of M cell appeared to be destroyed at the central portion on its free surface. In the light microscopy of 18 hour-ligation group, FAE destructed partially and lymphoid follicle was hypertrophied and atrophied simultaneously. In the electron microscopic findings of 18 hour-ligation group, absorptive cells appeared to have the irregular and densely stained nucleus, and have many lipid droplets other than structures observed in 6 hour-ligation group. M cell appeared to have various-sized vacuoles, and have the bleb-like and irregular membrane-limited structures that protrude into the lumen and have less the cytoplasmic cell organs. These results suggested that the simple ligation of ileum gives rise to the inflammatory response on FAE of 6 hourligated group and then lead to the various response; degeneration, necrosis and atrophy of cells in FAE, and the hypertrophy and atrophy of lymphocytes in lymphoid follicle. M cell might have no special function and have the degenerative change with the adjacent absorptive cells during simple obstruction.
Animals ; Atrophy ; Basement Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Electrons ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Gerbillinae ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Ileum ; Inclusion Bodies ; Ligation ; Light ; Lymphocytes ; Microscopy ; Microvilli ; Necrosis ; Silk ; Vacuoles ; Vascular System Injuries

The origin of motor neuronal cell bodies innervating heart in the cat was investigated using CTB (Cholera toxin B subunit) as neuronal tracer. The neural tracer was injected into subepicardial layer and myocardium of the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle, respectively. Labeled parasympathetic motor neuronal cell bodies were found in DMV (dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve) and anterolateral part of NA (nucleus ambiguus) of brainstem. Heavier labeled neuronal cell bodies were found in the NA when the neural tracers were injected into left ventricle and DMV when injected into left atrium and left ventricle. These results may provide a neuroanatomical data on origin of motor neuronal cell bodies innervating the heart of the cat.
Animals ; Brain Stem ; Cats* ; Cholera Toxin ; Heart Atria ; Heart Ventricles ; Heart* ; Motor Neurons* ; Myocardium ; Neurons*