Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) that is typically associated with cataplexy, sleep fragmentation and other REM sleep-related phenomenon such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucination. Narcoleptic symptoms can be developed from various medical or neurological disorders. A 17-year-old male patient admitted for the evaluation of EDS which started three-month ago. He slept more than 18 hours a day with cataplexy and hypnagogic hallucination. He was obese with body mass index (BMI) of 30.4 kg/m2. After admission he was newly diagnosed to the thyrotoxicosis. T3 391.2 ng/dL (60-181), free T4 4.38 ng/dL (0.89-1.76), TSH <0.01 microIU/mL (0.35-5.5) were measured. His pulse rate ranged 70-90 beats per minute and blood pressure ranged 150/100-120/70 mmHg. Polysomnography revealed many fragmentations in sleep with many positional changes (81 times/h). Sleep onset latency was 33.5 min, sleep efficiency was 47.9%, and REM latency from sleep onset was delayed to 153.6 min. REM sleep percent was increased to 27.1%. Periodic limb movement index was 13.4/h. In the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), average sleep latency was 0.4 min and there were noted 3 SOREMPs (Sleep Onset REM sleep period) on 5 trials. We couldn't discriminate the obvious sleep-wake pattern in the actigraph and his HLA DQB1 *0602 type was negative. His thyroid function improved following treatment with methimazole and propranolol. Vital sign maintained within normal range. Cataplexy was controlled with venlafaxine 75 mg. Subjective night sleep continuity and PLMS were improved with clonazepam 0.5 mg, but the EDS were partially improved with modafinil 200-400 mg. Thyrotoxicosis might give confounding role when we were evaluating the EDS, though sleep fragmentation was one of the major symptoms of narcolepsy, but enormous amount of it made us think of the influence of thyroid hormone. The loss of sleep-wake cycle, limited improvement of EDS to the stimulant treatment, and the cataplexy not supported by HLA DQB1 *0602 should be answered further. We still should rule out idiopathic hypersomnia and measuring CSF hypocretin level would be helpful.
Adolescent ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cataplexy ; Clonazepam ; Cyclohexanols ; Extremities ; Hallucinations ; Heart Rate ; HLA-DQ beta-Chains ; Humans ; Hypersomnolence, Idiopathic ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Male ; Methimazole ; Narcolepsy ; Nervous System Diseases ; Neuropeptides ; Polysomnography ; Propranolol ; Reference Values ; Sleep Deprivation ; Sleep Paralysis ; Sleep, REM ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyrotoxicosis ; Vital Signs ; Orexins ; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

No abstract available.
Odontogenic Tumors*

Xanthoma disseminatum (XD) is one of cutaneous nonhistiocytosis X, and characterized by multiple, widely distributed red, brown, yellowish papules and nodules that tend to coalesce. We present a case of XD with characteristic clinical findings and treated with the combination therapy of COz laser vaporization and high dose steroid.
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell* ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Gas* ; Volatilization* ; Xanthomatosis*

The diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder is difficult in that the symptoms and cystoscopic findings are nonspecific. The cytology of urine could be helpful for diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder. We present a case of bladder washing cytology of carcinoma in situ. A 54 year old man presented with dysuria for 1 year. Cystoscopic findings revealed multifocal reddish trabeculated lesions. The bladder washing cytology revealed rather uniform tumor cells which were singly scattered or forming syncytium in the clean background. The nuclei were round to oval with inconspicious nucleoli. The cystoscopic biopsy revealed typical histologic features of carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder.
Biopsy ; Carcinoma in Situ* ; Diagnosis ; Dysuria ; Giant Cells ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Urinary Bladder*

No abstract available.
Spine* ; Tissue Expansion*

Testicular involvement in male patients with leprosy is well documented and may be associated with impotence, sterility and gynecomastia. Testicular histology shows atrophy of the seminiferous tubules with hypertropy and clumping of Leydig cells and hyalinization of the small and medium sized vessels. The hormonal functions of the testes have been studied by a number of workers, usually in patients with testicular atrophy and gynecomastia. In these particular patients, androgens are generally diminished while gonadotropins are increased. The pathogenesis of testicular damage is uncertain, though Wall and Wright(1974) found that testicular germinal cell antibodies were present in 75% of lepromatous, and postulated that :autoirnmunity, Erythema Nodosum Leprosum imrnune complex damage and direct invasion by Mycobacterium leprae may all be contributory.
Androgens ; Antibodies ; Atrophy ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Erythema Nodosum ; Gonadotropins ; Gynecomastia ; Humans ; Hyalin ; Infertility ; Leprosy ; Leydig Cells ; Male ; Mycobacterium leprae ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Testis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate computed tomographic (CT) findings of deep neck space infection(DNSI) with particular attention to the differences in the spaces involved and in complications between odontogenic and nonodontogenic groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients(21 odontogenic and 23 nonodontogenic) were included in this study. Among odontogenic DNSls, 15 had the dental infection in the second or third mandibular molar. We compared the CT features between odontogenic and nonodontogenic DNSIs with special emphasis on the differences in the spaces involved and in the rate and type of complications. RESULTS: In all patients, CT clearly differentiated abscess from cellulitis. The most common spaces involved in 21 patients with odontogenic DNSl were the parapharyngeal(n=18), the submandibular(n=18), the anterior visceral(n=13), the masticator(n=9), and the sublingual(n=7) spaces. In contrast, in 23 patients with nonodontogenic DNSI, the anterior visceral space(n=14) was most frequently involved. The parapharyngeal, the submandibular, and the masticator spaces were statistically more frequently involved in odontogenic than in nonodontogenic DNSI(p<.05). Twenty-two patients had one or more complications shown by CT, of which airway compromise was more frequent and severe in odontogenicthan in nonodontogenic DNSI. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the parapharyngeal, the submandibular, and the masticator spaces are more significantly vulnerable in odontogenic DNSl than in nonodontogenic DNSl. The predilection for certain spaces of the neck in odontogenic DNSl seems to originate from the intimate relationship of the mandibular molars to the adjacent deep neck spaces.
Abscess ; Cellulitis ; Humans ; Molar ; Neck*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate computed tomographic (CT) findings of deep neck space infection(DNSI) with particular attention to the differences in the spaces involved and in complications between odontogenic and nonodontogenic groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients(21 odontogenic and 23 nonodontogenic) were included in this study. Among odontogenic DNSls, 15 had the dental infection in the second or third mandibular molar. We compared the CT features between odontogenic and nonodontogenic DNSIs with special emphasis on the differences in the spaces involved and in the rate and type of complications. RESULTS: In all patients, CT clearly differentiated abscess from cellulitis. The most common spaces involved in 21 patients with odontogenic DNSl were the parapharyngeal(n=18), the submandibular(n=18), the anterior visceral(n=13), the masticator(n=9), and the sublingual(n=7) spaces. In contrast, in 23 patients with nonodontogenic DNSI, the anterior visceral space(n=14) was most frequently involved. The parapharyngeal, the submandibular, and the masticator spaces were statistically more frequently involved in odontogenic than in nonodontogenic DNSI(p<.05). Twenty-two patients had one or more complications shown by CT, of which airway compromise was more frequent and severe in odontogenicthan in nonodontogenic DNSI. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the parapharyngeal, the submandibular, and the masticator spaces are more significantly vulnerable in odontogenic DNSl than in nonodontogenic DNSl. The predilection for certain spaces of the neck in odontogenic DNSl seems to originate from the intimate relationship of the mandibular molars to the adjacent deep neck spaces.
Abscess ; Cellulitis ; Humans ; Molar ; Neck*

To evaluate the normal development of the paranasal sinuses in children with CT, authors prospectively studied with brain CT scans of 260 children without known sinus diseases, ranging in age from 7 days to 16 years. Maximal anteroposterior and transverse diameters(mm) and maximal cross-sectional area(mm2) of both sides of the maxillary sinus were measured with the aid of computer device. As to the ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses, we simply documented the presence of the aplastic ethmoidal sinus and calculated the age-incidence of the sphenoidal sinus pneumatization, respectively. There noted three phases in the development of the maxillary sinus. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the maxillay sinus increased nearly in parallel. The former was always greater than the latter. In no cases was the ethmoidal sinus aplastic and almost all sinuses were pneumatized even in infants as early as 7 days old. CT identified the conchal pattern of sphenoidal sinus pneumatization in infants as early as 11 days old. Sphenoidal sinus pueumatization was seen in 38% of the children under the age of 1 year, 82% of the children between the age of 1 and 2 years, and almost all children older than 2 years. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the maxillary sinus seem to reach the adult size by 8 years of age, and the conchal pattern of sphenoidal sinus pneumatization can be recognized earlier with CT than on the plain radiographs.
Adult ; Brain ; Child* ; Humans ; Infant ; Maxillary Sinus ; Paranasal Sinuses* ; Prospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

No abstract available.
Neck*