The bronchopulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital malformation of the lung, concerning about the abnormal feeding systemic artery, needed for invasive angiography for definite diagnosis. This case report is described that patient diagnosed by multi-detectional computed tomography (MDCT) without angiography and combined with aspergillosis within an intralobar seqestration. He was 43-year old male patient with left submandibular mass. On chest PA, abnormal cystic lesion was shown in left lower lung field. There were multiple cysts with internal air-fluid level in left lower lobe on computed tomography. By useing MDCT, we could reconstruct internal structures and feeding artery, arising from thoracic aorta. We could confirm the intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration. Lobectomy of the left lower lobe was done. On histologic finding, there was intralobar type pulmonary seqestration with chronic inflammation with hyphae of aspergillus species focally.
Adult ; Angiography ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Arteries ; Aspergillosis* ; Aspergillus ; Bronchopulmonary Sequestration* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Inflammation ; Lung ; Male ; Thorax

Sarcoidosis, a multisystemic granulomatous disorder of unknown causes, which presents with bilateral hilar adenopathy, pulmonary infiltration, and cutaneous, ocular, bones, and nervous and reticuloendothelial systems involvement, commonly involves young adults of both sexes. Herein, the case of a 70-year-old male, with progressive hoarseness of two weeks' duration and mild dyspnea, is reported. A fiberoptic bronchoscopy, performed to investigate the hoarseness, revealed paralysis of the left vocal cord, but with no other local abnormality. Two nodules, as pathologic findings, showed noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas. We note a rare case of sarcoidosis, with vocal cord palsy, in Korea.
Aged ; Bronchoscopy ; Dyspnea ; Epithelioid Cells ; Granuloma ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes* ; Male ; Mononuclear Phagocyte System ; Paralysis ; Sarcoidosis ; Vocal Cord Paralysis ; Vocal Cords ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Since open Wiltse approach allows limited visualization for foraminal stenosis leading to an incomplete decompression, we report the short-term clinical and radiological results of unilateral biportal endoscopic foraminal decompression using 0° or 30° endoscopy with better visualization. METHODS: We examined 31 patients that underwent surgery for neurological symptoms due to lumbar foraminal stenosis which was refractory to 6 weeks of conservative treatment. All 31 patients underwent unilateral biportal endoscopic far-lateral decompression (UBEFLD). One portal was used for viewing purpose, and the other was for surgical instruments. Unilateral foraminotomy was performed under guidance of 0° or 30° endoscopy. Clinical outcomes were analyzed using the modified Macnab criteria, Oswestry disability index, and visual analogue scale. Plain radiographs obtained preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively were compared to analyze the intervertebral angle (IVA), dynamic IVA, percentage of slip, dynamic percentage of slip (gap between the percentage of slip on flexion and extension views), slip angle, disc height index (DHI), and foraminal height index (FHI). RESULTS: The IVA significantly increased from 6.24°± 4.27° to 6.96°± 3.58° at 1 year postoperatively (p = 0.306). The dynamic IVA slightly decreased from 6.27°± 3.12° to 6.04°± 2.41°, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.375). The percentage of slip was 3.41% ± 5.24% preoperatively and 6.01% ± 1.43% at 1-year follow-up (p = 0.227), showing no significant difference. The preoperative dynamic percentage of slip was 2.90% ± 3.37%; at 1 year postoperatively, it was 3.13% ± 4.11% (p = 0.720), showing no significant difference. The DHI changed from 34.78% ± 9.54% preoperatively to 35.05% ± 8.83% postoperatively, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.837). In addition, the FHI slightly decreased from 55.15% ± 9.45% preoperatively to 54.56% ± 9.86% postoperatively, but the results were not statistically significant (p = 0.705). CONCLUSIONS: UBEFLD using endoscopy showed a satisfactory clinical outcome after 1-year follow-up and did not induce postoperative segmental spinal instability. It could be a feasible alternative to conventional open decompression or fusion surgery for lumbar foraminal stenosis.
Constriction, Pathologic* ; Decompression* ; Endoscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foraminotomy ; Humans ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spine* ; Surgical Instruments

Objectives: This study is intended to develop a curriculum for kindergarten food and nutrition education aimed at preschool children, reflecting government policy and meeting the demands of preschool settings. Methods: Existing educational materials were analyzed, and key elements of the 2019 Revised Nuri Curriculum (“Nuri Curriculum”) and Guidelines for Nutrition and Food Education in Kindergartens, Elementary, Middle, and High Schools (“Guidelines”) were examined as foundational information for developing the curriculum for food and nutrition education. Results: Basing ourselves on the five domains of the Nuri Curriculum, “Physical Activity and Health,” “Communication,” “Social Relationships,” “Art Experience,” and “Natural Science Inquiry,” we integrated three areas from the Guidelines, namely “Dietary Habits and Health,” “Dietary Habits and Safety,” and “Dietary Habits and Culture,” to structure the curriculum for kindergarten food and nutrition education. Three specific domains, “Nutrition and Health,” “Food and Culture,” and “Safe Dietary Practices,” were tailored for preschool children, each comprising core concepts, content elements, and educational materials. In the “Nutrition and Health” domain, core concepts such as “nutrition” were addressed through content elements such as “balanced eating” and “vegetables and fruit,” while “health” included elements such as “eating regularly” and “nutrients for disease prevention,” each with two educational content components. The “Food and Culture” domain focused on “food” with content on “local foods (vegetable-garden experience)” and “food culture” with content on “our dining table (rice and side dishes),” “our agricultural products,” “global cuisine (multiculture),” and “considerate dietary practices,” each with four educational content components. The “Safe Dietary Practices” domain included core concepts such as “hygiene” with content on “hand-washing habits” and “food poisoning management,” and “safety” with content on “food labeling.” Conclusions The systematized curriculum for kindergarten food and nutrition education aligns with the Nuri Curriculum and is interconnected with the Guidelines. This curriculum can be used as foundational material for developing educational resources tailored to the characteristics of preschoolers, contributing to effective implementation in early childhood education.

Methods: We have retrospectively studied IDTs by four surgeons during 1 or 2 years after starting BESS for lumbar degenerative diseases and analyzed the locations, sizes, and specific endoscopic conditions specific to each. Results: Twenty-five cases (1.6%) of IDTs among 1,551 cases of BESS occurred; 13 cases (52%) of these were within the first 6 months. The locations were dorsal midline in 12 cases, ipsilateral side in 11 cases, and contralateral side in two cases. The tear sizes were <10 mm in 20 cases and ≥10 mm in five cases. IDT commonly occurred due to injury of central dural folding during flavectomy under turbid surgical fields due to small bleeds under water. Twenty cases with IDTs of <10 mm were treated well with the patch technique. Among five cases of ≥10 mm, three underwent open repair within a few days, and two of these which failed to conservative management required a delayed revision operation due to pseudomeningocele. No cases progressed to surgical site infection or infectious spondylitis. Conclusions IDTs of <10 mm can be successfully treated with the patch technique. To prevent IDT during the early learning period, maintaining clear visibility by securing fluent saline outflow and meticulous hemostasis of small bleeding from exposed cancellous bone and epidural vessels is essential with caution not to injure the central dural folding during midline flavectomy.

Exudative pleural effusion can arise from pneumonia, tuberculosis, cancer, etc. Early drainage is needed for prevention of complications such as pleural fibrosis, thickening, bronchopleural fistulae and decline of lung function. Intrapleural Instillation of fibrinolytic enzymes has been used for 50years as an adjunct in the removal of fibrous material, hematoma and pus from the thoracic cavity. By the local fibrinolytic effect on fibrinous exudates within the pleural space, fibrinolytic agent has improved results of chest tube or pig tail drainage. But there were no controlled randomized studies, so significant controversy exists concerning the efficacy of this therpy, especially tuberculous pleurisy. Furthermore about complication, severe spontaneous bleeding has not been reported with intrapleural urokinase. Intrapleural fibrinolytic enzymes has shows no systemic complication. When it is administrated intravenously, not into intrpleural space, major bleeding is reported about 1-3% of patient, especially they had systemic disease, such as coagulation abnormalities. This case report presents a patient who suffered major hemothorax induced hypovolemic shock following the administration of 100,000 units of urokinase intrapleurally. He was 25-year old male with tuberculosis pleurisy without systemic illness demonstraion.
Adult ; Chest Tubes ; Drainage ; Exudates and Transudates ; Fibrin ; Fibrosis ; Fistula ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Hemothorax* ; Humans ; Hypovolemia* ; Lung ; Male ; Pleural Effusion ; Pleurisy ; Pneumonia ; Shock* ; Suppuration ; Thoracic Cavity ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pleural ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator*

PURPOSE: We recruited 118 women in their early 20's to examine the relationship between sodium intake and salty taste thresholds and preference. We also examined the association of salty taste preference with sodium-related dietary behaviors and major dishes contributing to sodium intake. METHODS: Daily sodium intake was estimated using a 127-item dish-frequency questionnaire. Salty taste thresholds and preference were measured using rating scales using water solution of NaCl and a self-administered questionnaire based on a Likert scale, respectively. RESULTS: Salty taste preference showed positive correlation with daily sodium intake and sodium intake-increasing behaviors, and inverse association with sodium intake-decreasing behaviors, including salt and soy sauce use at the table, the frequency of eating out and home delivery of foods, broth consumption of soup, stew or noodle soup, the use of ready-to-serve or processed foods, fresh vegetable intake, and the accommodating attitude toward bland food. Intake of sodium-contributing dishes, including ramen, spicy soft-tofu stew, radish kimchi, and dishes containing kimchi, also showed positive association with salty taste preference. Unexpectedly, detection and recognition thresholds of salty taste showed no association with salty taste preference, sodium intake, and sodium-related dietary behaviors. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that salty taste preference could reflect sodium intake of individuals rather than thresholds of saltiness, and may be used as a simple and effective proxy for usual sodium intake.
Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Proxy ; Raphanus ; Sodium* ; Soy Foods ; Taste Threshold ; Vegetables ; Water ; Weights and Measures

STUDY DESIGN: A retrograde study, using Computerized Tomography (CT), to evaluate a safer approaching angle and distance for a percutaneous endoscopic discectomy. OBJECTIVES: To measure the safest approaching angle and distance in a percutaneous endoscopic discectomy at each vertebra level in Koreans. LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY: Some authors have shown an approaching angle of between 25 to 30 degrees, but reports on Koreans patients are very rare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 200 cases of abdomino-pelvic CT were investigated. The minimal angle of safe approach was composed of two lines, one horizontal line passing through the mid point in the posterior cortex of upper vertebra, with the other extending passed the mid point of posterior cortex in the upper vertebra to the dorsal margin of the retroperitoneal fat or peritoneum. The maximal distance for a safe approach was measured from the end of spinous process to the point where the extended former second line crosses the skin. The minimal angles and maximal distances for safe approaches in males and females, from the right and left sides, at each level of the intervertebral space and in groups according to the BMI were compared. RESULTS: Females had a larger mean minimal angle for a safe approach (14.7 degrees) than that for males (9.6 degrees). However, no differences were observed between the right (12.0 degrees) and left sides (12.4 degrees). At each vertebral level, L2-3(16.4 degrees), L3-4(11.3 degrees) and L4-5(8.8 degrees), significant differences were observed. However, obesity had no influence on the different angles for a safe approach. The maximal distances for safe approaches were 12.9 and 12,6cm in males and female, 12.8 cm in for both of the right and left sides, and 11.8, 13.0 and 13.6cm in L2-3, L3-4 and L4-5, respectively. No differences were observed in any of the above group, but the more obese group had a longer distance. CONCLUSIONS: Females and the upper level of the intervertebral space had larger minimal angles for a safe approach, but there were no differences in relation to gender, direction and obesity. All the maximal distances for safe approaches were the same in males, females, right and left, and at each level of the intervertebral space, but the more obese group had a longer distance. A safer zone for the approach in a percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy can be taken, considering the gender, vertebra level and obesity.
Diskectomy* ; Female ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Male ; Obesity ; Peritoneum ; Skin ; Spine

STUDY DESIGN: A retrograde study, using Computerized Tomography (CT), to evaluate a safer approaching angle and distance for a percutaneous endoscopic discectomy. OBJECTIVES: To measure the safest approaching angle and distance in a percutaneous endoscopic discectomy at each vertebra level in Koreans. LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY: Some authors have shown an approaching angle of between 25 to 30 degrees, but reports on Koreans patients are very rare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 200 cases of abdomino-pelvic CT were investigated. The minimal angle of safe approach was composed of two lines, one horizontal line passing through the mid point in the posterior cortex of upper vertebra, with the other extending passed the mid point of posterior cortex in the upper vertebra to the dorsal margin of the retroperitoneal fat or peritoneum. The maximal distance for a safe approach was measured from the end of spinous process to the point where the extended former second line crosses the skin. The minimal angles and maximal distances for safe approaches in males and females, from the right and left sides, at each level of the intervertebral space and in groups according to the BMI were compared. RESULTS: Females had a larger mean minimal angle for a safe approach (14.7 degrees) than that for males (9.6 degrees). However, no differences were observed between the right (12.0 degrees) and left sides (12.4 degrees). At each vertebral level, L2-3(16.4 degrees), L3-4(11.3 degrees) and L4-5(8.8 degrees), significant differences were observed. However, obesity had no influence on the different angles for a safe approach. The maximal distances for safe approaches were 12.9 and 12,6cm in males and female, 12.8 cm in for both of the right and left sides, and 11.8, 13.0 and 13.6cm in L2-3, L3-4 and L4-5, respectively. No differences were observed in any of the above group, but the more obese group had a longer distance. CONCLUSIONS: Females and the upper level of the intervertebral space had larger minimal angles for a safe approach, but there were no differences in relation to gender, direction and obesity. All the maximal distances for safe approaches were the same in males, females, right and left, and at each level of the intervertebral space, but the more obese group had a longer distance. A safer zone for the approach in a percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy can be taken, considering the gender, vertebra level and obesity.
Diskectomy* ; Female ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Male ; Obesity ; Peritoneum ; Skin ; Spine

Dietary sodium intake is considered one of the major causal factors for hypertension. Thus, to control the increase of blood pressure and reduce the risk of hypertension-related clinical complications, a reduction in sodium intake is recommended. The present study aimed at determining the association of dietary sodium intake with meal and snack frequency, snacking time, and taste preference in Korean young adults aged 20-26 years, using a 125-item dish-frequency questionnaire. The mean dietary sodium intakes of men and women were 270.6 mmol/day and 213.1 mmol/day, which were approximately 310% and 245% of the daily sodium intake goal for Korean men and women, respectively. Dietary sodium intake was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure in the total group, and BMI in the total and men-only groups. In the total and men-only groups, those who consumed meals more times per day consumed more dietary sodium, but the number of times they consumed snacks was negatively correlated with dietary sodium intake in the total, men-only, and women-only groups. In addition, those who consumed snacks in the evening consumed more sodium than those who did so in the morning in the men-only group. The sodium intake was also positively associated with preference for salty and sweet taste in the total and women-only groups. Such a high intake of sodium in these young subjects shows that a reduction in sodium intake is important for the prevention of hypertension and related diseases in the future.
Adult ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Male ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Snacks ; Sodium ; Sodium, Dietary ; Young Adult