To clarify the content characteristics of the main active components and mineral elements of Cynomorium songaricum under different habitat conditions, and further explore the relationship between the quality of C. songaricum and habitats, this study took C. songaricum from 25 different habitats in China as the research object, and measured the contents of 8 main active components and 12 mineral elements separately. Diversity analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out. The results showed that the genetic diversity of total flavonoids, ursolic acid, ether extract, potassium(K), phosphorus(P) and zinc(Zn) in C. songaricum was high. The coefficient of variation of crude polysaccharide, ether extract, gallic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, catechin, epicatechin, calcium(Ca), sodium(Na), magnesium(Mg), sulfur(S), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), selenium(Se) and nickel(Ni) were all over 36%, indicating that the quality of C. songaricum was significantly affected by habitats. There were strong synergistic and weak antagonistic effects among the contents of the 8 active components, and complex antagonistic and synergistic effects among the contents of the 12 mineral elements. Principal component analysis revealed that crude polysaccharide, ursolic acid, catechin, epicatechin and total flavonoids could be used as the characteristic components to evaluate the quality of C. songaricum, and Na, copper(Cu), Mn and Ni were the characteristic elements to evaluate the quality of C. songaricum. In cluster ana-lysis, the second group with the main active components as cluster center had better quality in terms of the content of active substances, and the second group with the mineral elements as cluster center had higher utilization potential in the exploitation of mineral elements. This study could provide a basis for resource evaluation and breeding of excellent varieties of C. songaricum in different habitats, and provide a reference for cultivation and identification of C. songaricum.
Cynomorium ; Catechin ; Plant Breeding ; Selenium ; Ethers ; Ethyl Ethers ; Flavonoids ; Plant Extracts

BACKGROUND: The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (deca-BDE) on the immune system of the dams and the developmental immune system of the offsprings. METHODS: In this study, mated female C57BL/6J mice were orally administered penta-BDE, deca-BDE or corn oil for 5 weeks, from gestational day 6 to lactational day 21. RESULTS: The body weight of PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was significantly decreased relative to control mice, but that of post-natal day 63 (PND63) were recovered. Orally dosed dams with penta-BDE had significantly smaller absolute and relative spleen masses than control mice. Absolute and relative spleen and thymus masses of PND21 exposed to penta-BDE were significantly decreased over control. The exposure of dams and PND21 with penta-BDE reduced the number of splenocytes and thymocytes. As results of hematologic analysis, percentage WBC and percentage neutrophils increased in dams with deca-BDE. Splenic T cell proliferation in dams and PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was increased, and there were no significant difference in splenic B cell proliferation in all treatment groups. As results of flow cytometric analysis of splenocyte, percentage total T cell, Th cell and Tc cell in PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was slightly increased, and percentage macrophage in dams and PND21 exposed to deca-BDE was decreased. The ELISA results of antibody production show no significant difference in all treatment groups relative to controls. CONCLUSION: These results imply that PBDEs given to the dam were transferred to the offspring during gestation and lactation, and PBDEs transferred from the dam affect immune system of offspring.
Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Biphenyl Compounds ; Body Weight ; Cell Proliferation ; Corn Oil ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Ether, Ethyl ; Female ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Humans ; Immune System ; Lactation ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Neutrophils ; Phenyl Ethers ; Pregnancy ; Spleen ; Thymocytes ; Thymus Gland

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the prenatal exposure of per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and the neonatal outcome. Methods: A total of 506 maternal infant cohort samples were collected in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province from 2020 to 2021. The exposure levels of seven PFASs in maternal serum before delivery were detected by solid-phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regression model was used to analyze the influence of prenatal exposure of PFASs on birth weight, birth length and Apgar score. Results: The maternal age, prenatal body mass index and gestation age were (31.3±4.3) years old, (26.7±3.2) kg/m² and (265.0±28.3) days, respectively. The birth weight, birth length and scores of Apgar-1 and Apgar-5 were (3.1±0.8) kg, (49.3±2.9) cm, (9.88±0.47) points and (9.99±0.13) points, respectively. PFASs were widely distributed in maternal serum, with the highest concentration of (18.453±19.557) ng/ml, (6.756±9.379) ng/ml and (5.057±8.555) ng/ml for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 6∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA), respectively. Maternal age, parity and delivery mode were associated with the exposure level of PFASs (P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that PFOS had negative effects on birth weight (β=-0.958), birth length (β=-0.073) and Apgar-5 score (β=-0.288) for neonates in the low birth weight (LBW) group. 6∶2 Cl-PFESA and 8∶2 Cl-PFESA inhibited the birth weight (β=-0.926; β=-0.552) and length (β=-0.074; β=-0.045) of newborn in the LBW group. In addition, 4∶2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTS) was associated with increased birth weight (β=0.111) and decreased Apgar-5 score (β=-0.030) in the normal weight group. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to PFASs is associated with birth weight, birth length and Apgar-5 score. It is necessary to continue to pay attention to the impact of PFASs on fetal growth and development through maternal-fetal transmission.
Pregnancy ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Birth Weight ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Alkanesulfonic Acids/analysis* ; Alkanesulfonates/analysis* ; Fluorocarbons/analysis* ; Ethers/analysis* ; Ethyl Ethers/analysis* ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis* ; Maternal Exposure

This experiment was attemptel to observe possible effects of ether, halothane and methoxyflurane on the blood sugar level of the rabbit, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after start of anesthesia with ether halothane and methoxyflurane by a non-rebreathing system. Comparision was made between preanesthetic and postanesthetic levels of blood sugar and the following results were obtained. In the ether anesthesia group, the blood sugar level 15 minutes after anesthesia was increased and decreased gradualley a anesthesia was progressed. In the halothane group, the blood sugar level was increased 5 minutes after anesthesia, and then decreased more rapidly than in other groups. Blood sugar levels 60 minutes after anesthesia had returned to preanesthetic levels in all groups. As the above result shows, blood sugar levels were revealed to have a tendency to increase during induction of anesthesia, and then returned gradually to the preanesthetic level during maintenence of anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Blood Glucose* ; Ether ; Halothane ; Methoxyflurane

In an attempt to observe possible effects of ether, halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia on the protein contents of tracheobronchial washings in rabbits, the animals were subjected to moderate afiestbesia with ether, halotbane and methoxyflurane by a non- rebreathing system for one hour. A comparison was made of the protein contents of tracheobronchial washings and the ,results are summarized as follows; 1) The average protein contents of tracheobronchial washings of normal rabbits was 85. 8 +/-27. 44 umg/ml. 2) Increased protein contents of tracheobronchial washings were observed after ether, halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia compared with the normal. It is concluded that inhalation anesthesia stimulates secreting glands of the tracheobronchial lumen.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Anesthetics* ; Animals ; Ether ; Halothane ; Methoxyflurane ; Rabbits*

PURPOSE: The ketogenic diet (KD) remains a therapy in search of explanation although it is an established treatment for patients with intractable seizures. It was designed to mimic the biochemical changes seen upon fasting, specifically the formation of ketone bodies: acetoacetate (ACA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and to a lesser extent, acetone. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of BHB on flurothyl-induced seizures in rats. METHODS: Thirty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two equal groups. Experimental rats (n=17) were injected intraperitoneally with BHB (20 mmol/kg), while control animals (n=17) with normal saline. Fifteen minutes later, seizures were chemically induced by flurothyl infusion (40 mL/min). Seizure susceptibility was defined as the latency from the start of flurothyl infusion to the onset of a generalized seizure. Shorter latencies reflected greater seizure susceptibility. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SEM) latency to the onset of a generalized seizure in the experimental animals treated with BHB was 476.5 +/- 13.9 seconds, which was significantly longer (P < 0.05) than the control (438.0 +/- 10.5 seconds). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the significant decrease in flurothyl-induced seizure susceptibility in rats treated with BHB. Our results suggest that BHB may be directly anticonvulsant.
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid ; Acetoacetates ; Acetone ; Animals ; Fasting ; Flurothyl ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Ketogenic Diet ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Seizures

PURPOSE: Despite decades of clinical experience with the ketogenic diet (KD), its efficacy and mechanisms of action have been examined in few animal studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of a KD on flurothyl-induced seizure susceptibility in rats. METHODS: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two equal groups. Dietary treatment was initiated at P39. The experimental group was fasted for a day and then fed a KD consisting of [fat] : [protein + carbohydrate] ratio of 4.3 : 1, while the control group was fed a standard rodent chow. On treatment day 21, blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels were assayed and seizures were chemically induced by flurothyl (40 micro l/min). Seizure susceptibility was defined as the latency from the start of flurothyl infusion to the onset of a generalized seizure (loss of posture with bilateral hindlimb tonic extension). Shorter latencies reflect greater seizure susceptibility. RESULTS: Blood BHB levels in the KD-treated group were significantly higher than those of the control group (4.75+/-0.38 [n=10] vs. 0.19+/-0.02 [n=10] mM, respectively ; p<0.01). The latencies to the onset of a generalized seizure were 673.2+/-32.95 [n=10] and 523.0+/-31.11 [n=10] seconds for the KD-treated and control groups, respectively (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the significant decrease in the susceptibility of flurothyl-induced seizure in the KD-treated rats. Furthermore, we have established a working animal model from which future mechanistic studies can be based.
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid ; Animals ; Flurothyl ; Hindlimb ; Humans ; Ketogenic Diet* ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Posture ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rodentia ; Seizures*

It is a fallacy on the part of the anesthesiologist and surgeon to think that the same principles of anesthesia and surgery apply in the younger patient as in the aged who have a multiplicity of preoperative pathologic and physiologic states which may affect them during surgery and postoperatively and which must be considered in their preoperative preparation. Changes of importance are related to diminished cardiac, pulmonary, renal and hepatic reserves. With this steady increase of candidates for geriatric anesthesia, it is necessary that periodic reviews be presented so that the problems associated with the management of this enlarging group of patients may be elucidated. In this paper presented 1, 208 cases of geriatric anesthesia during 1964~1973 (10 years) at St. Mary's hospital and were analysed. Results were as follows; 1. Number of the total operative cases were 24, 970, among them over 60 years of age were 1,208 cases. Incidence was 4.9%. 2. Among the 1,208 cases, 967 cases were over 60~69 years of age (80%), 210 cases were over 70~79 years of age (17.4%) and 31 cases were over 80 years of age (2.6%). 3. Emergency versus elective surgical cases re 29.1% versus 78.9% 4. Among the 1,208 cases, 726 cases were general surgery(60.1%), each of 138 cases were orthopedics and urological ones(11.4%). 5. Inhalation anesthesia was performed 1,127 cases(90.4%) and spinal anesthesia was 29 cases(2.3%). 6. Halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia were markedly increased after 1970 instead of diethyl ether anesthesia. 7. ECG was checked 42.2% of the cases preoperatively. 8. Post-anesthetic related death was not evaluated because of the insufficient record.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Electrocardiography ; Emergencies ; Ether ; Halothane ; Humans ; Incidence ; Methoxyflurane ; Orthopedics

The addictive effects by pancuronium on relaxation response to ether, methoxyflurane. halothane, trilene and enfluranc were investigated in the isolated rat intestine preparation. The following results were obtained. 1) Ether in doses of 0.03cc/30ml, 0.1cc/30ml and 0.3cc/30ml produced dose dependent relaxation. 2) Methoxyflurane, halothane, trilene and enflurane in doses of 0.03 cc/30ml, 0.1/30ml and 0.3 cc/30ml did not produce dose dependent relaxation. 3) In the presence of pancuronium in doses of 1 mug/ml and 3mug/ml, ether produced marked dose dependent relaxation respectively in comparison with ether administration alone. 4) In the presence of pancuronium in doses of 1 mug/ml and 3 mug/ml, methoxyflurane, halothane, trilene and enflurane did not produce dose dependent relaxation respectively.
Anesthetics, General* ; Animals ; Enflurane ; Ether ; Halothane ; Intestines* ; Methoxyflurane ; Pancuronium* ; Rats* ; Relaxation ; Trichloroethylene

The relationship between the Leydig cell of testis and the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland has been inadequately explored in man because of methodological difficulties. A report has appeared on the effect of anesthesia per se on sex hormone levels in human serum. As testosterone is one of the most important anabolic hormones, it would therefore serve as an index to hormonal response to stress in man. Tcsticular blood level of testcsterone in man was increased by ether anesthesia but plasma testcsterone one in man was decreased by halothane anesthesia. Plasma testostercne levels were measured by others. by a competitive protein binding method. This study was performed to investigate the effect of methoxyflurane anesthesia and surgery on human sex hormone by a radioimmunoassay method. Serum testosterone levels measured in the pre-anesthetic period, (60 minutes after anesthesia and surgery, and at full recovery from. anesthesia were 3.80+/-1. 75 ng/ml, 0. 58+/-1. 22 ng/ml and 3. 55+/-1. 85 ng/ml, respectively. No statistical significance was observed. The obtained value of testostercne was the lowest when compared with the values reported by others.
Anesthesia* ; Ether ; Halothane ; Humans ; Methods ; Methoxyflurane* ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior ; Plasma ; Protein Binding ; Radioimmunoassay ; Testis ; Testosterone*