Study on 80 symptomatic menorrhagia patients less than 18 years old treated at Institute for Protection of Mother and Newborn in the year 2000. Results: the rate of patients with irregular menstruation was highest (38.75%). 70% of patients lived in rural, so the rate of late hospital admission (>15 days) accounted for 73.75%. All patients suffered from anemia with 82.5% patients with moderate and severe anemia. Treatment with 2 tablets Rigevidon a day only one time in the evening until menorrhagia reduces, follows by 1 tablet a day for making artificial menstruation of 28 days, is effective in 96.25% patients. This finding showed that using Rigevidon for treating pubertal menorrhagia is simple, safe, and effective, no significant complication.
Menorrhagia ; Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination ; Therapeutics

There are a number of published reports aimed at clarifying the effect of hormonal contracept -ives upon the quantity and quality of breast milk during postpartum and lactation periods. As to the volume of milk produced by breast feeding mothers, many authors seem to have agreed on a decrease as an established pattern in the periods following regular administration of oral contraceptives containing estrogen in varying dosage. The quality of milk following administration of hormonal contraceptives, however, remsins a controversial issue. Korea's experience in oral contraceptive is rather a brief one, but use of Eugynon has been widespread and frequent since this hormonal contraceptive was introduced into the national program in 1967. The authors have reviewed the potential significance of data concerning regular use of an oral contraceptive as affecting lactation, and have sought to clarify the interrelationship between the administration of Eugynon and quantity and quality of breast milk from mothers contracepting. with Eugynon in different periods following confinement. A total of 85 women, who were at different periods following deliveries, have been divided into, two groups, one comprising 28 women regularly taking oral pills and the other (57 women) not resorting to hormonal contraceptives if they were contracepting at all. 1. Milk Volume. In view of the possible influence of suckling on the amount of milk produced, efforts were made in this study to standardize the technique by extracting breastmilk by applying manual pressures on one side of the maw-nae, While the nipple on the other side was being sucked by the mother's own baby. The effetct of an exogenic ovarian hormone on the quantity as well as quality of breastmilk is generally understood to be inapparent until the drug is administered to women whose milk secreting function has been normalized. ") In the present study, it was observed that the decrease in the ammount of milk obtained from mothers in the periods following the 4th cycle of oral contraceptives or thereafter has turned out to be statistically insignificant. This result conforms i.u the findings by Tubari and others. It is assumed that it takes at lest 2 to 3 cycles of use before mammary glands are functionally adjusted to the use of exogenic hormonal contraceptives. 2. Specific Gravity and Composition of Milk There was no noticeable change in the protein and chloride content following continuous administration of ore.l contraceptives, while meaningful changes were observed in fat (increase) and calcium (decrease up to the 5th cycle use) contents. Also, there was a rather significant decrease in the specific gravity in the period following administration of the first cycle of the oral contraceptive. The findings from the present study partially conforms the results published by Ramadan and others, who reported that little change was noticed in the contents of total solids. ash, chlorides and lactose in the breast milk of women who had taken 4 cycles of ovosiston, although in our study lactose was not measured. Ramaden, however, reported that fat content did increase in the same milk, as in our study. A definitive conclusion, however, could not be made unless measures are taken to rule out the physiological changes of the maternal body affecting the composition of milks.
Breast Feeding ; Calcium ; Chlorides ; Contraceptive Agents ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Estrogens ; Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination ; Female ; Health Resorts ; Humans ; Lactation* ; Lactose ; Mammary Glands, Human ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Nipples ; Postpartum Period ; Specific Gravity

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that alter the structure or function of the endocrine system. 4-Tert-octylphenol (OP) is one of the most representative EDCs and has estrogenic effects. In this study, we examined the effects of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and OP on the pituitary gland, placenta, and uterus of pregnant rats. Expression levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), oxytocin (OT), and contraction-associated proteins (CAPs) were determined, and uterine contractile activity was measured by uterine contraction assay. EE and OP both increased mRNA expression of OT and hCG in the pituitary gland but not the placenta. Since OT and hCG control uterine contraction, we next examined CAP expression in the uterus. Expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-dehydrogenase (PGDH) was upregulated by OP, whereas expression of other CAPs was unaffected. To clarify the effect of OP on uterine contraction in pregnant rats, uterine contraction assay was performed. The 17beta-Estradiol (E2) did not affect contraction of primary uterine cells harvested from pregnant rats in a 3D collagen gel model. However, OP showed different effects from E2 by significantly reducing contraction activity. In summary, we demonstrated that OP interferes with regulation of OT and hCG in the pituitary gland as well as PGDH in the uterus, thereby reducing uterine contraction activity. This result differs from the action of endogenous E2. Collectively, these findings suggest that exposure to EDCs such as OP during pregnancycan reduce uterine contractile ability, which may result in contraction-associated adverse effects such as metratonia, bradytocia, and uterine leiomyomata.
Animals ; Chorionic Gonadotropin ; Collagen ; Endocrine System ; Estradiol ; Estrogens ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; Oxytocin* ; Pituitary Gland ; Placenta ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger ; Uterine Contraction ; Uterus

OBJECTIVETo study 17β-estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), estrone (E1) on MCF-7 proliferation effects, and compare the effects of independent action (IA) model with concentration addition (CA) model in assessing the combined effects of estrogen.

METHODSThe combinations of E2 + EE2, E2 + E3 and E2 + E1 were chosen and the cellular proliferation effects were examined by MTT assay.

RESULTSThe maximum proliferation effects at dose of 10⁻⁹ mol/L was 325.48% for E2, 330.34% for EE2, 255.22% for E3, and 199.61% for E1. In the E2 + EE2, E2 + E3, E2 + E1 groups, the results of IA model analysis were very close to the experimental results. The IA model tend to overestimated the experimental results, while the CA model often underestimated the experimental results. In the EC (E2, 30) + C (EE2, 70) group, the results exceed the maximum estrogen effects of E2, while in other groups, the results were lower.

CONCLUSIONSThe estrogenic effects of the four tested substances from high to low efficiency were that: EE2 > E2 > E3 > E1. The effect of IA model in predicting the combined effects of binary mixture was better than CA model. A small proportion of binary mixture showed synergy.

Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Estriol ; pharmacology ; Estrogens ; pharmacology ; Estrone ; pharmacology ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans

To establish a sensitive and specific method for simultaneous determination of gestodene, etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol in plasma by LC-MS/MS, plasma samples were extracted and derivatized before injection. An ESI ion source was used and operated in the positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Norgestrel was chosen as internal standard and performed on a C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) column. The concentrations of gestodene, etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol were measured, using step-gradient mobile phase and step-gradient flow rate. The method was validated over the concentration range of 0.1-20 ng x mL(-1) for gestodene and etonogestrel and 0.01-2 ng x mL(-1) for ethinylestradiol, and showed excellent linearity. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision were below 10.0% and recovery was 93.6%-110.9% over the three concentration levels evaluated. The method was applied in pharmacokinetic study of the compound gestodene patch and the compound etonogestrel patch in rabbits. The LC-MS/MS method was selective, accurate and sensitive, especially the LOQ were 100 pg x mL(-1) for gestodene and etonogestrel and 10 pg x mL(-1) for ethinylestradiol. The method was successfully applied in pharmacokinetic study for contraceptives.
Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Desogestrel ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Norpregnenes ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Rabbits ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

OBJECTIVETo investigate changes of serum total oxidation status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) and their association with apolipoprotein (a) [Apo(a)] in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) combined with infertility.

MWTHODSNinety patients with PCOS and infertility were selected as the study group, including 45 patients treated with antioxidants combined with Diane-35(group A) and 45 with Diane-35 therapy only (group B), with 45 healthy volunteers with normal menstruation and normal dual phase basic body temperatures as the control group. Serum TOS of the participants was determined by dual xylenol orange method, and serum TAS was determined with ABTS method; plasma Apo(a) level was determined by dual wavelength immune transmission turbidity method.

RESULTSBefore treatment, serum TOS, OSI, and Apo(a) levels were significantly higher and TAS level was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05). Serum TOS, OSI, and Apo (a) were significantly lowered and TAS was significantly increased in group A after the therapy as compared with the levels before therapy and the levels in group B. The rate of natural recovery of menstruation was significantly higher and the incidence of cardiovascular disease was significantly lower in group A than in group B (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum TOS and OSI were positively correlated with plasma Apo(a) (r=0.524 and 0.531, P<0.05), and serum TAS was negatively correlated with plasma Apo(a) (r=-0.519, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONAntioxidant therapy can lower TOS, OSI and Apo(a) levels and increase TAS level to lessen oxidative stress, improve the prognosis, and reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease in patients with PCOS and infertility.

Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Apoprotein(a) ; blood ; Cyproterone Acetate ; therapeutic use ; Drug Combinations ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Female ; blood ; Oxidative Stress ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; blood ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo observe the efficacy differences between acupuncture combined with medication and medication alone for infertility patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

METHODSAccording to random number table, a total of 60 infertility patients with PCOS were randomly assigned into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each one. The patients in the control group were treated with diane-35 from the 3rd day into menstruation, and one menstrual cycle was taken as a session of treatment. At the same time of using diane-35, the patients in the observation group were treated with acupuncture at Guanyuan (CV 4), Qihai (CV 6), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Zusanli (ST 36), Zigong (EX-CA 1), Shenshu (BL 23), Pishu (BL 20), Weishu (BL 21) and Ganshu (BL 18) during non-menstruation period; the acupuncture was given once every two days, three treatments per week. The patients in both groups were treated for two sessions. The basic sex hormone and body mass index (BMI) were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. After ovulation induction treatment, the endometrial thickness, amount of mature follicle, ovulation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, occurrence rate of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and the number of early spontaneous abortion were compared between the two groups during ovulation.

RESULTSAfter treatment, the luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and BMI reduced in the observation group (all <0.05), while only LH reduced in the control group (<0.05). The reducing of estradiol (E), T and BMI in the observation group was more significant than that in the control group (all <0.05). The ovulation rate was 93.3% (28/30) in the observation group, which was higher than 80.0% (24/30) in the control group (<0.05). The rate of clinical pregnancy was 43.3% (13/30) in the observation group, which was higher than 33.3% (10/30) in the control group (<0.05). The differences of endometrial thickness, amount of mature follicle, occurrence rate of OHSS and number of early spontaneous abortion were not significant between the two groups (all >0.05).

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture as adjunctive treatment could improve BMI, reduce the levels of LH, E and T, increase ovulation reaction and effectively shorten reproduction cycles in infertility patients with PCOS.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Body Mass Index ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Cyproterone Acetate ; therapeutic use ; Drug Combinations ; Estradiol ; blood ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Female ; therapy ; Luteinizing Hormone ; blood ; Ovulation Induction ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Testosterone ; blood

Postcoital contraception or emergency contraception(EC), commonly known as the "morning after pills", prevents pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. A comprehensive definition of EC is as follows : "specific contraceptive methods that can be used as emergency measures to prevent pregnancy after unproteted intercourse". Both drugs and certain devices can be used for emergency contraception. The best-studied regimen(Yuzpe) consists of an ordinary combination of oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel. Conventional clinical guidelines recommend a first dose within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse and a second dose 12 hours thereafter. These drugs are most effective when taken as soon as possible after the intercourse. The Yuzpe regimen reduced the risk of unintended pregnancy by at least 75% in clinical trials. The most common side effects of the Yuzpe method are nausea and vomiting. Levonorgestrel is the synthetic progesterone. The major benefits of levonorgestrel are the decreased side effects and greater contraceptive efficacy than Yuzpe regimen. Mifepristone (RU486) is a synthetic steroid that prevents progesterone from binding to the progesterone receptors and glucocorticoid receptors. It has been used extensively in Europe as an abortifacient and also has been used as an effective EC. Its common side effect is a delay in the onset of menses, leading to anxiety for the user. The intrauterine contraceptive device(IUCD) is the only method of emergency contraception available to women presenting beyond 72 h and within 5 days from unprotected intercourse. EC is not protective against infections such as STD(sexually transmitted diseases). There are many situations where EC is indicated, including condom rupture or slip, unplanned unprotected intercourse, incidental misuse of regular contraceptive methods, and sexual assault. Emergency contraceptive pills can prevent ovulation, but an alternative major mechanism of action is to prevent uterine implantation of the embryo at the endometrial level. A 3-week follow-up visit should be scheduled to assess the result and to counsel for regular contraception. EC provides a second chance at preventing undesired pregnancies. but it should not be used as a routine birth control method, because it is actually less effective and needs a higher dose at preventing pregnancies than most types of oral contraceptives. Widespread and appropriate use of EC will provide a promising means to reduce the incidence of unplanned pregnancy and to contribute to the women's health.
Anxiety ; Condoms ; Contraception ; Contraception, Postcoital ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Embryonic Structures ; Emergencies ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; Europe ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Levonorgestrel ; Methods ; Mifepristone ; Nausea ; Norgestrel ; Ovulation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Unplanned ; Progesterone ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Rupture ; Vomiting ; Women's Health

Pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious medical problem causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Risk factors of thrombosis are surgery, trauma, pregnancy, tumor, oral contraceptive as well as genetic risk factors though genetic risk factors were found in about 5% to 10% of cases. Yasmin, a combined oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol 30 microg and drospirenon 3 mg was launched in the United Kingdom in 2002. We had experienced a patient, 24-year-old young woman with left inguinal pain on ambulation, and edema of left leg four months after taking Yasmin. We performed chest pulmonary angiography computed tomography (CT) and lower extremity venogram CT. She was diagnosed to PE in both lower lobes and DVT below the level of left external iliac vein, and treated by low molecular weight heparin and warfarin. We report this case with brief review of literatures.
Androstenes ; Angiography ; Edema ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; Female ; Great Britain ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight ; Humans ; Iliac Vein ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Pregnancy ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Risk Factors ; Thorax ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thrombosis ; Walking ; Warfarin

Administration, Oral ; Adult ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; Budd-Chiari Syndrome ; chemically induced ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Cyproterone Acetate ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Liver ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Menstruation Disturbances ; drug therapy ; Radiography