This dissertation is concerned not with medical theories, but with practices of Greek physicians, and I have addressed the subject of medical ethics as related to the Hippocratic tradition. And I have attempted a synthetic account of Greek physicians' actual practice and its ideals in the Hippocratic tradition. My understanding of the tradition succeeds the revelations in the first chapter of my doctorial thesis, one of them is the fact that Hippocratic tradition is amalgamation of ethical code with rational or scientific medical theory. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I have attempted a social history of Greek physicians by analyzing Hippocratic writings. The Hippocratic collections, Corpus Hippocraticum, throw light not only on the origins and early development of classical medicine, but on its place in Greek Society. In the second chapter, I aim at understanding of the medical morality in its practice by analyzing the Corpus. Particularly the Oath shall be examined. Some questions, above all, such as "Was it ever a reality or merely a 'counsel of perfection'?" can not be answered. But by the way of the examination of the deontological treatises, the characters of the ethics of Greek physicians become clear. It was the result of outward performance in the relation of inner intention. In the result Greek physicians were the first to attempt to establish a code of behaviour for the medical profession and to define the doctor's obligations to the society.
English Abstract ; Ethics, Medical/*history ; Greece ; History of Medicine, Ancient

Ethical consideration is an inseparable part of policy-making in modern society. Biomedical ethics is an interdisciplinary study of ethical issues that result from advances in medical practices and research. Because these issues often arise at the bedside, society must provide solutions or judgments that are effective and applicable. Thus, the development and progress of biomedical ethics has been made possible via the cooperation of experts from diverse backgrounds. The biomedical ethics discourse should not be seen as a conflict between values but as a collective activity for problem-solving. To support this perspective on ethics discourse, a historical perspective on biomedical ethics in Korea was given emphasis on the participants and their perspectives. Major cases and the changes resulting therefrom were discussed with the agenda proposed. The Korean situation with respect to ethics development shows the interactions between groups participating in policy development and its collaborative nature.
*Bioethics/history ; *Ethics, Medical/history ; Health Policy ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Republic of Korea

Biochemistry ; history ; standards ; China ; Ethics, Research ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century

When we think about ethics or morals, we tend to look at them from the viewpoint of here and now. Actual implications of then and there, however, could be different. That is why we should study history of bio-ethics along with philosophy involved in it. Bio-medical ethics is situated in spatial and cultural dimension as well as temporal and historical. Dentistry has been in a peculiar situation in that although it has evolved from the same root as medicine it has become separate discipline. Ethical implications of dentistry, however, share the historical and philosophical background with its mother discipline, i.e., medicine, surgery, barber-surgery and even smithery. This paper tries to grasp the main ideas of bio-medical ethics from the ancient Greek and China and picks up three of them as guiding principles, i.e., deontology and teleology from the west and self-cultivation from the east, It also tracks down the contents of modern biomedical ethics; from etiquette to ethics, from morals to contract (ethics of autonomy), and ethics of professional responsibility. Finally it reviews and analyzes two different traditions of dental professional regulation from the legal and ethical point of view (U.S. and Europe), and proposes a new direction for the construction of dental ethics in Korea.
Bioethics/*history ; Dentistry/*ethics ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; History of Medicine, Ancient ; History of Medicine, Early Modern ; History of Medicine, Medieval ; History of Medicine, Modern ; Korea ; Philosophy, Medical/*history

This article deals with the emergence of the codes of medical ethics and their change in Korean history. The modernized medical codes or covenants by the group of medical doctors has been made from the mid-twentieth century, although Korea has a long tradition of medical ethics, so called the Confucian medical ethics, Insul or Uido which were taken on very strong paternalistic characters. The history of the codes of medical ethics in contemporary Korea showed several revisions in 1961, 1965, 1979, and 1997 since the first establishment in 1955. Changes of political circumstances, the cultural level of the people, medical care system, and medical power leaded to the revisions. Throughout the revisions the codes or covenants of medical ethics in Korea has changed from simple translations of the codes by the World Medical Association and the American Medical Association to the reflexes of domestic medical situations; from the ones based on paternalistic doctor-patient relationship to more democratic ones; from the ones that only medical ethics were expressed to the ones that bioethics was expressed too.
English Abstract ; Ethics, Medical/*history ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; History of Medicine, Ancient ; History of Medicine, Early Modern ; History of Medicine, Medieval ; History of Medicine, Modern ; Korea

Michel Foucault has brought some considerable changes in our way of seeing human body. He argued that the body is not merely a natural object, but a medium of numerous social messages and even the most favorable habitat of power. According to him, the birth of social institutions, such as asylum, clinic, jail, have been closely linked to the process of modernization and further the very process through which the body becomes an object of social control has been an important part of our modernization. He proposed a new concept, viz., the social stigma carved on body and provided us certain clues that makes us think newly of the boundary between nature and culture. Although his arguments opened a new perspective on our body, it did have a premise of so-called "the passivity of body" as its limitation. The body is not just a purely natural object, nor a purely social construction. It resides at both sides simultaneously and the disease, an incident happened within the body, reveals subtle relationship between these two. Those who see the body as an object of power as such or a medium of certain social messages tend to consider it only as an objective being, yet on the other side of this standpoint, the Cartesian dualism is hidden as a premise. Deleuze defined, in his book on Spinoza, the ethics of Spinoza as a practical study mainly dealing with the mode of existence. Provided that this definition is correct enough, we may term this practical study for the mode of existence of the body as the ethics of the body. Spinoza proposed a very unique view with regard to the body, which differs from that of the Cartesian Dualism. It is based on the entire system of his philosophy, viz., the system of the univocity of substance and the immanence of being which finally appears in the form of ethics. In the later half of this article, a very unique medicine whose starting point is none other than this kind of ethics, a practical study for the mode of existence, was dealt with. It is named Sasang(Four Symbol) medicine which was founded upon the long tradition of one of the most profound ethical teachings of mankind, Confucianism. Sasang medicine of Yi Jae-ma is in a sense a continuation of the Neo-Confucianism tradition of Korea in the field of medicine.
Asia ; English Abstract ; Ethics/*history ; Europe ; History of Medicine, 17th Cent. ; History of Medicine, Modern ; *Human Body ; Korea ; Philosophy/*history

No abstract in English.
History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Neuralgia/history/surgery ; Neurophysiology/*history ; Neurosurgery/*history ; Therapeutic Human Experimentation/ethics/*history ; United States

What is medical professionalism and does it matter to the patients? Medical professionals take responsibility for their judgements and the consequences that ensue. Traditionally medical professionalism is defined as a set of values, behaviors, and relationships which support the trust the public has in doctors. The public is well aware that absence of professionalism is harmful to their interests. However, the exercise of medical professionalism is endangered by the political and cultural environment. The values of professionalism have been changed throughout the medical history and the meaning of it was also changed according to social theories. Traditional medical professionalism was based on the virtue of autonomy, self-regulation and competency etc. However, in the new millenium era, the meaning of professionalism has changed under the concept of responsibility which includes the classical virtues. The meaning of professionalism nowadays is only based on the structure and conflicting theories which cannot solve all the issues surrounding professionalism in medical practice. The conditions of medical practice are critical determinants for the future of professionalism. The interaction between doctor and patient is central to the medical care, and medical professionalism has roots in almost every aspect of medical care. I argue that doctors have responsibility to act according to the values which have been determined by the medical profession, history and surrounding society. The new millennium medical professionalism which based on the responsibility could initiate a public dialogue about the role of the doctor in creating a fairer society.
Ethics, Medical ; History of Medicine ; Humans ; Physician-Patient Relations ; *Professionalism ; Social Responsibility

PURPOSE: Most epidemiological and clinical studies on BRCA1/ 2 mutations and the risk of breast cancer have been based on Western cohorts. There have been few such studies for Korean populations. The primary aim of this paper is to report the protocol of a Korean Hereditary Breast Cancer (KOHBRA) study. METHODS: The multi-centers registered in the Korean Breast Cancer Society are participating in the KOHBRA study. The objectives of the KOHBRA study till 2010 is to examine the prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutation and the prevalence of ovarian cancer among the high risk group of hereditary breast cancer patients and their families. This study is a prospective cohort study that recruited 2,250 subjects: 1) who were breast cancer patients with a family history of breast or ovarian cancers, 2) who were patients with a high risk of BRCA1/2 mutations (i.e. early onset, bilateral, male, multiple primary cancers), and 3) who had family members that were BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. The recruiting period will cover the 25th of May 2007 to the 24th of May 2010. Written informed consent is obtained at the time of enrollment. The family history and epidemiological data are obtained by a baseline questionnaire, the anthropometric data is measured and the clinical information is collected by chart-reviews by doctors. BRCA1/2 mutation testing and ovarian cancer screening are done. Blood samples are stored. Follow-up data are collected at 1, 3 and 5 yr after enrollment. RESULTS: Until now, 36 centers have joined the KOHBRA study and they are in the process of Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. We expect to find the Korean founder mutation and to establish the Korean BRCA risk prediction model. Furthermore, the BRCA carrier cohort established from the KOHBRA study will be the groundwork to participate in an international study. CONCLUSION: The KOHBRA study will provide unique, important data to prove the etiology and natural history of Korean hereditary breast cancer. This study will be continued as genomic and proteomic epidemiological studies and future intervention studies for the prevention of hereditary breast cancer among Koreans.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cohort Studies ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Natural History ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires