PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to analyze systematically the trends of experimental researches in the area of community health nursing. METHODS: This is a study based on literature review, which analyzed 137 experimental research papers in the Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, from the first issue in 1989 to those in 2012. RESULTS: 1) The proportion of experimental researches in the total published papers was 14.9%. 2) The mainly used research method was quasi-experiment, which was 60.6% of them, and there was no RCT. 3) Convenient sampling was used in 95.6% of the researches. 4) Only 5.1% were reviewed for keeping the ethical standards for the study objects by the IRB. 5 When classified by the Omaha Classification System, psycho-social researches were most frequent, which were followed by physiological, health-related behavioral, and environmental ones in order of frequency. CONCLUSION: This study found that the proportion of experimental research papers was increasing in the 2000s and ethical standards were required more rigorously. However, it was suggested that the research design be more elaborated and sampling methods be manifested to reduce research bias and errors.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Classification ; Community Health Nursing* ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Clinical Trial ; Research Design

Non-disclosure in Paediatric Practice is a controversial issue. There was a time when the care of children was solely the responsibility of parents and any decision with respect to treatment or non-treatment would have been the joint responsibility of the parents and of the attending medical professionals. This practice, viewed as adopting a more paternalistic approach, has been challenged in many parts of the world. In essence what is being challenged is the notion that the sole responsibility of decision-making rests with parents.
Clinical Competence ; Communication ; Decision Making ; Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Parent-Child Relations ; Patient Rights ; ethics ; Pediatrics ; ethics ; Physician-Patient Relations ; ethics ; Practice Patterns, Physicians' ; Truth Disclosure ; ethics

PURPOSE: Professional nursing ethics is a living, dynamic set of standards for nurses'professional moral behavior. Furthermore, in daily clinical nursing training, nursing students are constantly confronted with decisionmaking that is moral in nature. The aim of this study was to identify the perceived ethical attitudes in the clinical training process of senior nursing students using Q-methodology to offer basic strategies for nursing ethics education and thereby improve patients'care. METHODS: Q-methodology provides a scientific method for identifying perception structures that exist within certain individuals or groups. Thirty-seven participants in a university rated 38 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1-9. The collected data were analyzed using pc-QUNAL software. RESULTS: Principal component analysis identified 3 types of ethical attitudes in nursing students in Korea. The categories were labeled Sacred-life, Science-realistic and Humane-life. Sacred-life individuals think that a life belongs to an absolute power (God), not a man, and a human life is a high and noble thing. Science-realistic individuals disagreed that allowing an induced abortion or embryo (human) duplication is unethical behavior that provokes a trend, which takes the value of a life lightly; most of them took a utilitarian position with respect to ethical decisions. Humane-life individuals exhibit a tendency toward human-centered thought with respect to ethical attitudes. CONCLUSION: This study will be of interest to educators of students of nursing and hospital nursing administrators. Also, the findings may provide the basis for the development of more appropriate strategies to improve nursing ethics education programs.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Analysis of Variance ; *Attitude of Health Personnel/ethnology ; Clinical Competence/standards ; Decision Making ; *Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/ethics/standards ; *Ethics, Nursing/education ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humanism ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations/ethics ; Korea ; Morals ; Needs Assessment ; Nursing Methodology Research/methods ; Patient Rights/ethics ; Philosophy, Nursing ; *Q-Sort ; Religion and Psychology ; Students, Nursing/*psychology ; Value of Life

Self-regulation has a long tradition in countries such as Germany. In healthcare, a professional level of quality is known as the standard of care, but the concept is not defined by law. In practice, this concept has developed into physician self-regulation. In addition, a normative judgment about the medical standard can be understood as a concept developed by precedent related to medical malpractice cases. The law functions reactively rather than proactively. However, clinical ethics has a wider scope within the legal field than simply the corrective function of medical liability. This study focuses on a legal approach to self-regulation, the normative concept of medical standards in legal criteria, and its requirement. Regarding civil responsibility, the paper reviews an assessment of autonomy in the determination of the medical standard. In comparison to the disciplinary system of Germany's criminal law, the offenses of doctors under Korean law is considerably below the international standards for self-regulation. In fact, discipline for malpractice is effectively regulated by the state. Therefore, when doctors take an ethical approach, it can help protect patients and at the same time raise a sense of professional responsibility. This plays an important role in the complementary relationship between medical ethics as a preventive function and the standard of care or practice standards as a part of self-regulation. In conclusion, self-regulation can have a much more effective and positive impact on relationships between the patient and the doctor and strengthen preventive measures for the patient's safety within medical regulation.
Criminal Law ; Delivery of Health Care ; Ethics, Clinical ; Ethics, Medical* ; Germany ; Humans ; Judgment ; Jurisprudence ; Liability, Legal ; Malpractice ; Self-Control* ; Standard of Care*

While there is an ethical obligation to improve clinical outcomes by developing better therapies, surgical innovation has largely progressed without the strict regulations required of novel pharmaceutical products. We explore the reasons why new surgical techniques are frequently introduced without the benefit of randomised controlled trials, and present an approach to the ethical evaluation of novel surgical procedures.
Biomedical Research ; ethics ; Clinical Competence ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Ethics, Medical ; General Surgery ; ethics ; methods ; standards ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Medical Audit ; Medicine ; Singapore ; Specialty Boards

PURPOSE: The aimof this study was to identify bibliographic characteristics and research trends of articles published in the Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research from2009 to 2015. METHODS: Descriptive statistics were used to analyze 268 articles. Bibliographic characteristics, appropriateness ofmethods for quantitative and qualitative studies, and key concepts of articles were analyzed. RESULTS: A clinical nurse was the first author for 184 (66.7%) articles. The number of collaborative works between hospital and university was 184 (68.7%). Study participants were patients (120, 38.1%), nurses (115, 36.5%) and others. IRB approval was given for 156 articles (58.2%). Written informed consent was obtained in 125 articles (46.7%). Quantitative research accounted for 98.6% of the articles but qualitative studies only 4 (1.4%). Types of interventions in the experimental studies were nursing skills (43, 42.6%) and health education (32, 31.7%). Major keywords were nurses, pain, knowledge, intensive care unit, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and stress. CONCLUSION: Articles in this journal deal with topics and concepts confronted in nursing practice so experimental studies on applicability of nursing interventions were frequently published. Findings in this study indicate that the authors published in the journal contribute to the development of nursing with characteristics distinctive from other nursing journals published in Korea.
Anxiety ; Clinical Nursing Research ; Depression ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Fatigue ; Health Education ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Intensive Care Units ; Korea ; Nursing ; Republic of Korea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the perception of learning outcomes between faculty and students in medical schools. METHODS: A total of 1,766 medical students and 436 faculty members participated in the survey. They responded to the perception of four learning outcomes: medical knowledge and problem solving, clinical skills, medical ethics, and clinical communication. The participants responded to the education and achievement levels of the learning outcomes. RESULTS: In all four learning outcomes, the student's perception of education level differed by educational system, and the students in mixed systems had the highest scores. Students differed significantly in achievement level of medical ethics between genders, wherein male students perceived their achievement level to be higher than females. Students perceived their achievement level to be lower than the education level. The students' clinical skills were the highest in the education and achievement levels. The faculty perceived the education level to be higher than the student's achievement level. In particular, the faculty's perception of education level of medical knowledge and problem solving was the highest, whereas the students' achievement level of it was lower. The faculty assessed the education level to be higher than students. The students showed higher perception of achievement level than faculty. CONCLUSION: There were perceptual differences in learning outcomes between students and faculty. The results of this study are expected to be used to design outcome-based learning methods.
Clinical Competence ; Education* ; Ethics, Medical ; Female ; Humans ; Learning* ; Male ; Problem Solving ; Schools, Medical* ; Students, Medical

We reviewed the educational goals and objectives of the 32 medical schools in Korea, which is based on the 1992's, 1994's, and 1996's edition of the Directory of Korea Medical Education. The purpose of this study is to find trend of their changes and to help revise them. Among the 32 medical schools in Korea, 31(96.9%) described goals and objectives separately on 1996's edition, while 26(81.3%), 19(59.4%) on 1994's, 1992's, respectively. The medical ethics and morality was becoming more important; 30(93.8%) medical schools on 1996's and 1994's edition, while 26(81.3%) on 1992's. There were more emphases on the promotion of the ability of community services in health and of self study. For the promotion of the ability of community services in health; 26(81.3%) medical schools on 1996's edition, while 23(71.9%), 19(59.4%) on 1994's, 1992's, respectively. For the promotion of the ability of self study; 25(78.1%) medical schools on 1996's edition, while 21(65.6%), 15(46.9%) on 1994's, 1992's, respectively. The cultivation of primary care physician was becoming the primary goal of medical schools; 23(71.9%) medical schools on 1996's edition, while 12(37.5%), 9(28.1%) on 1994's, 1992's respectively. Teaching medical knowledge and clinical skills were still regarded as important; 21(65.6%) medical schools on 1996's edition, while 20(62.5%), 23(71.9%) on 1994's, 1992's, respectively. The inclusion of medical scientists in the possible job lists was also eminent; 14(43.8%) medical schools on 1996's edition, while 11(34.4%), 6(18.8%) on 1994's, 1992's, respectively. The ultimate educational goal of university was becoming prominent; 21(65.6%) medical schools on 1996's edition, while 15(46.9%), 11(34.4%) on 1994's, 1992's, respectively.
Clinical Competence ; Education, Medical ; Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Korea* ; Morals ; Physicians, Primary Care ; Schools, Medical* ; Social Welfare

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in self-efficacy in clinical performance (SECP) between medical students and residents. METHODS: A total of 267 medical students and 110 residents participated in a survey on SECP with regard to seven factors: knowledge acquisition and application, clinical reasoning, clinical skills, communication with patients, relationships with other health professionals, medical ethics, and self-development. The data were examined by multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS: Residents had higher scores for clinical skills than students (F[1, 372]=8.919, p<0.01), whereas students scored significantly higher for communication with patients (F[1, 372]=26.779, p<0.001), relationships with other health professionals (F[1, 372]=12.807, p<0.001), medical ethics (F[1, 372]=40.136, p<0.001), and self-development (F[1, 372]=32.380, p<0.001). There were no differences between genders or specialties of residents. CONCLUSION: There are differences in SECP between students and residents. These results can guide the design of self-efficacy improvement programs.
*Clinical Competence ; Communication ; Ethics, Medical ; Female ; Humans ; *Internship and Residency ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; *Self Efficacy ; *Students, Medical

Ethical problems in an emergency department (ED) are much more common than is usually recognized. But these difficult ethical dilemmas have not been dealt with by general medical ethicists. Most medical ethics guidelines tend to concentrate on chronic or at least relatively stable situations rather than on the acute, episodic cases that are typical in the ED. most ethical problems such as abortion, euthanasia, and professionalism can be solved after reflection and deliberation, and after a process of communication that reveals the values and interests of the patient or the patient's family. In contrast, when health care professionals in the ED recognize ethical problems, they often don't have enough time for an ethical consultation such as a Hospital Ethics Committee. Ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice need to be applied to the unique setting of emergency medicine. Hence, it is necessary to develop ethics guidelines in emergency medicine and ethics education for health care professionals in emergency departments. At first, we collected cases involving ethical problems and reviewed the ethical and legal aspects of those cases. In this article, we summarize the ethical issues in emergency medicine, deal with actions in emergency medical services, and also consider the relationships between ethical issues and act on emergency medical services. We want to present the important factors that should be considered in ethical decision making within an emergency medicine department including patient decision making capacity, legal custody, and ethical principles.
Beneficence ; Decision Making ; Delivery of Health Care ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Services ; Emergency Medicine ; Ethicists ; Ethics Committees, Clinical ; Ethics, Medical ; Euthanasia ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Social Justice