No abstract available.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators*

The antiarrhythmic efficacy if low dose amiodarone treatment was studied in 30 cases of ventricular premature beats(VPBs). Amiodarone was administered 600mg daily in three divided doses for for initial 7-10 days as loadihg dosage,then 100-200mg once daily as maintenance. The results obtained were as follow : 1) The complete control of VPBs was achieved by amiodarone treatment in 90%, 27cases of 30 cases(all 11 cases with simple VPBs and 16 cases of the remainders with complex VPBs). 2) The QT interval and QTc were significantly prolonged, whereas heart rate was reduced significantly after amiodarone treatment. 3) In 27 cases of responder, the frequency of VPBs began to decrease overtly 2-3 days after amiodarone administration, then relatively stablized in 6 days, and complete cnotrol of VPBs was achieved in all cases about 10 days after treatment. 4) No significant side-reaction was observed except the decrease of serm T3 level after treatment.
Amiodarone* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Heart Rate ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

We report five cases of pattern alopecia in female patients who are undergoing hormonal anticancer therapy for the prevention of recurrence of breast cancer after surgery. Three patients demonstrated male pattern alopecia with receding frontal hairlines, and two patients demonstrated female pattern alopecia without receding hairlines. The detailed clinical history showed that the pattern alopecia of the patients developed after the full recovery of global hair loss of the entire scalp due to previous cytotoxic chemotherapy. All of the adjuvant hormonal anticancer drugs that were used in the patients are antiestrogenic agents, either aromatase inhibitors or selective estrogen receptor modulators. Considering androgen effect on the hair follicles of the fronto-parietal scalp, the androgen-estrogen imbalance caused by the drugs was thought to be the reason for the onset of pattern alopecia in the patients. In general, alopecia that develops during cytotoxic chemotherapy is well known to both physicians and patients; however, the diagnosis of pattern alopecia during hormonal anticancer therapy in breast cancer patients seems to be overlooked.
Alopecia* ; Androgens ; Aromatase Inhibitors ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Estrogens ; Female ; Hair ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Scalp ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Since adult human skin can be grown in chernically defined medium without serum, the skin organ culture has gained a great interest as a method for studies concerning skin biology, pharmacology and toxicology. however, serum supplementation has extensively been used to improve the viahility of tissue culture. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of serum on the histologic changes ohserved during the organ culture of the normal human skin. The general architecture of the skin was well maintained for 6 days with or without seru. After then, fetal calf serum or autologous human serum was found to enhance the viability of the epidermis. A confluent layer of necrotic spinous ceils was ovserved earlier and more widespread without serum. The addition of serum had an impressive effect on epibolization. In the absenee of serum, the formation of the epibolus was not only minimal, but also, susceptible to degeneration, and no epibolus remained at 10 days rif incubation. No difference can be found between fetal calf serm and autologous human serum in the formation of the epibolus. There was no favorable effect of serum on the formation of new stratum corneum. The thickness of new straturn corneum increased in parallel with the number of parakeratatic cells, increasing most rapidly between 6 and 8 days of incubation. Parakeratosis was more prominent in the presence of serurn.
Adult ; Biology ; Epidermis ; Humans* ; Organ Culture Techniques* ; Parakeratosis ; Pharmacology ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Skin* ; Toxicology

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), raloxifene, on endometrium in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Double-blind randomized controlled study was designed for 138 healthy postmenopausal women to determine the effects of raloxifene on postmeonopausal endometrium. The women were randomly assigned to receive either placebo, or raloxifene HCl 60 mg/day for 6 months. Transvaginal ultrasound was done at baseline and at 6 months later. RESULTS: Mean endometrial thickness of normal postmenopausal women was 3.4 ( +/- 1.6) mm. Mean endometrial thickness was decreased by 0.2 mm in both groups, but with no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Raloxifene 60 mg/day did not stimulate the endometrium after 6 months of use in postmenopausal women.
Endometrium* ; Female ; Humans ; Postmenopause ; Raloxifene Hydrochloride* ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Ultrasonography

Neurological diseases include a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and other brain damage diseases.The treatment schemes for neurological diseases are still in research.The existing clinical and basic studies have confirmed that traditional estrogen therapy has certain protective effect on the nervous system,while it increases the risk of breast or endometrial cancer.The emergence of the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can avoid the above mentioned problems.The available studies have confirmed the protective effect of tamoxifen as a SERM on the nervous system.This paper reviews the role and functioning mechanisms of tamoxifen in the nervous system and cognitive function,aiming to provide guidance for the future application of tamoxifen in the treatment of neurological diseases and the improvement of cognitive function.
Tamoxifen/therapeutic use* ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/therapeutic use* ; Cognition ; Nervous System

Osteoporosis is a common senile disease that results in fragility fractures. With an ageing population, the medical and socioeconomic effect of osteoporosis, particularly postmenopausal osteoporosis, will increase further. Currently, good anti-fracture data supports many available anti-resorptive and anabolic drugs including bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and recombinant human parathyroid hormones. Calcium and vitamin D are also essential treatments for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Although, bisphosphonate is the cornerstone of osteoporosis treatment and is considered as the first line of therapy, their duration of therapy and long-term safety is under question. Novel agents, particularly denosumab, inhibitors of cathepsin K, andanabolic agents that act on Wnt signaling, will increase the therapeutic options for clinicians in the coming years.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Calcium ; Cathepsin K ; Diphosphonates ; Female ; Humans ; Osteoporosis ; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Vitamin D ; Denosumab

Osteoporosis becomes a serious health threat for aging postmenopausal women by predisposing them to an increased risk of fracture. Conventional pharmacological options are available for osteoporosis therapy, including bisphosphonates, the SERM raloxifene, estrogens, clacitonin, and parathyroid hormone. Although alternative treatment regimens, such as phytoestrogens, herbals, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) also show beneficial effect on bone density and health, further study to determine optional formulation is needed. Several new drugs are available or are in clinical development.
Aging ; Bone Density ; Dehydroepiandrosterone ; Diphosphonates ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Osteoporosis ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Phytoestrogens ; Raloxifene ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Raloxifene Hydrochloride

STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. OBJECTIVES: To present updated information on the conservative treatment of osteoporotic spinal fractures (OSFs). SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: The treatments of osteoporotic spinal fractures are bed rest, pain medication, bracing, exercise and rehabilitation, and osteoporosis medication. However, there is disagreement about the outcomes of these treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of the relevant literature. RESULTS: In the case of osteoporotic spinal fractures, analgesic administration, bracing, physical therapy, and exercise should be conducted. In order to prevent secondary fractures, bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, strontium ranelate, or parathyroid hormone, which has proven efficacy with respect to the prevention of secondary fractures, should be prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: We should actively prevent the occurrence of secondary fractures with fracture healing by implementing a proven effective treatment for osteoporotic spinal fractures.
Bed Rest ; Braces ; Diphosphonates ; Fracture Healing ; Osteoporosis ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Rehabilitation ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Spinal Fractures* ; Strontium

OBJECTIVES: Little is currently known about the issues surrounding management and treatment of severe osteoporosis in South Korea. Our objective was to assess doctors' views on the perception, diagnosis, and treatment of severe osteoporosis. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted (16 February-13 March 2015) with 100 doctors (specialists in orthopedic surgery, endocrinology, neurosurgery, family medicine, or rheumatology) who treated ≥5 severe osteoporosis (T-score ≤ -2.5, plus fracture) patients per month. Respondent demographic characteristics, their perception of severe osteoporosis, its impact and treatment, and their views on current practice and unmet needs were assessed. RESULTS: Of 416 doctors approached, 100 completed the survey (24% response rate). Most doctors (90%) specialized in orthopedic surgery, endocrinology, or neurosurgery. When diagnosing severe osteoporosis, most doctors (79%) considered both bone mineral density and fracture. Almost all doctors (≥91%) ranked disease impact and seriousness highly, but much fewer (≤25%) doctors thought society agreed. Most doctors (89%) had concerns with current treatments, switching treatments because of the efficacy and safety of bisphosphonates (>89%), the efficacy of selective estrogen receptor modulators (>71%), and the high cost of parathyroid hormone (>73%). Parathyroid hormone was ranked highest for efficacy and was preferentially prescribed to severe osteoporosis patients (mean 32.2% of prescriptions) compared with osteoporosis patients overall (3.7%). "Limitations with reimbursement" was the most commonly cited (76%) unmet need. CONCLUSIONS: There are concerns with the safety, efficacy, and affordability of current treatments for severe osteoporosis in South Korea, as well as a perceived lack of disease awareness amongst patients and doctors.
Bone Density ; Diagnosis ; Diphosphonates ; Endocrinology ; Humans ; Korea* ; Neurosurgery ; Orthopedics ; Osteoporosis* ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Teriparatide