Aims: Candida albicans is a diploid yeast which interacts with the host in a complex nature involving several fungal virulence factors and host’s response. In this study, we investigated the different ABC genotypes of 26 clinical C. albicans isolates which is based on the presence of absence of transposable intron in the 25S rDNA, and the phenotypic expression of their virulence factors: phospholipase production, esterase production, haemolytic activities, biofilm formation, and white-opaque switching. Methodology and results: In this study, we investigated the ABC genotypes of 26 clinical C. albicans isolates, and the phenotypic expression of their virulence factors. The C. albicans isolates were tested for their in vitro abilities in exhibiting the following virulence factors: phospholipase, biofilm, esterase, hemolysin and phenotypic switching. Phospholipase activities and biofilm formation were detected in 57.7% and 65.38% of the isolates, respectively. All of the isolates showed phenotypic white-type colony, while none showed esterase and hemolytic activities. ABC genotyping revealed that 50% of the isolates were grouped under Genotype A, followed by Genotype C (42.3%), and B (7.69%). Conclusion, significance and impact of study This study provides information in regard to virulence potential and the ABC genotype of C. albicans from the Philippines.

Objective: To explore cytotoxicity of Synsepalum dulcificum (S. dulcificum) Daniell (Sapotaceae) on human colon cancer (HCT-116 and HT-29), human monocytic leukemia (THP-1) and normal (HDFn) cell lines, and its effect on the expression of early apoptotic genes, c-fos and c-jun. Methods: Leaf, stem and berry of S. dulcificum were separately extracted by using 2 solvents, 10% ethanol (EtOH) and 80% methanol (MeOH). PrestoBlue® cell viability assay and qRT-PCR assay were conducted to examine the above objectives respectively. Results: Stem MeOH, stem EtOH, and berry EtOH extracts of S. dulcificum were cytotoxic to HCT-116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells. For HCT-116, IC

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial activities of crude ethanol extracts of 12 Philippine medicinal plants. Methods: Crude ethanol extracts from 12 Philippine medicinal plants were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Results: The leaf extracts of Psidium guajava, Phyllanthus niruri, Ehretia microphylla and Piper betle (P. betle) showed antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. P. betle showed the highest antibacterial activity for these bacteria in the disk diffusion (16-33 mm inhibition diameter), minimum inhibitory concentration (19-156 μg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (312 μg/mL) assays. P. betle leaf extracts only showed remarkable antibacterial activity for all the Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria (extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and metallo-c-lactamase-producing) in the disk diffusion (17-21 mm inhibition diameter), minimum inhibitory concentration (312-625 μg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (312-625 μg/mL) assays. Conclusions: P. betle had the greatest potential value against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive multidrug-resistant bacteria. Favorable antagonistic activities were also exhibited by the ethanol extracts of Psidium guajava, Phyllanthus niruri and Ehretia microphylla.