Objective Brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) significantly reduces the survival time of the patients, and no effective tool is yet available for the prediction of the risk.This study aimed to develop an effective and feasible nomogram for predicting brain metastasis of NSCLC after radical surgery.Methods This retrospective study included 636 cases of NSCLC treated by radical resection of the tumor in our hospitals between January 2010 and January 2014.Based on the analysis of the risk factors for brain metastasis, we developed a nomogram using logistic regression with the R-language, calculated the confidence interval (CI) of the C-index using the bootstrap, and then internally verified the overfitting degree of the model to evaluate its stability.Results Brain metastasis developed in 94 of the 636 patients.According to the results logistic regression analysis, the risk factors for brain metastasis included history of cigarette smoking (OR=1.783, 95% CI: 1.037-3.066), pathological types (OR=0.453, 95% CI: 0.275-0.744), the T stage (OR=2.047, 95% CI: 1.511-2.774), and the N stage (OR=1.588, 95% CI: 1.154-2.184).The nomogram showed a coefficient of coincidence of 0.73 (0.71-0.82) and a mean absolute error rate of 0.012, which indicated an excellent stability.Conclusion The nomogram we developed can be used to predict the risk of brain metastasis in individual NSCLC patients after surgery, contributing to follow-up programs and preventive strategies for brain metastasis.

BACKGROUND:In recent years,there have been many studies on the mechanism of exosomal non-coding RNA in gestational diabetes mellitus,but there is a lack of the latest systematic review of exosomes from different sources,especially placental sources. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the changes and potential roles of microRNA(miRNA),long non-coding RNA(lncRNA),circular RNA(circRNA),and exosomes in gestational diabetes mellitus to provide potential targets for early screening and treatment of clinical gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS:A literature search was conducted on PubMed,Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,WanFang Data,and VIP databases to retrieve relevant articles on non-coding RNA or exosomal non-coding RNA in relation to gestational diabetes mellitus.A total of 74 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Non-coding RNAs play important pathological and physiological roles in the lifecycle activities,and increasing evidences suggest that non-coding RNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus by regulating various physiological functions.This provides a new direction for the research of gestational diabetes mellitus.(2)Exosomes are widely present in the human body.Various cells can secrete exosomes,such as red blood cells,epithelial cells,and placental cells.Non-coding RNAs found in exosomes from different sources have been demonstrated to play a role in the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus.(3)MiRNA and gestational diabetes mellitus:The role of peripheral blood miRNA in gestational diabetes mellitus is mainly to affect the functions of trophoblast cells,pancreatic beta cells and blood glucose levels in gestational diabetes mellitus;placental miRNA can reflect the severity of gestational diabetes and impair the function of trophoblast cells.(4)LncRNA and gestational diabetes mellitus:Peripheral blood lncRNA can induce insulin resistance through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway and may provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus;placental lncRNA can regulate proliferation and migration of placental trophoblast cells,promoting the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus.(5)CircRNA and gestational diabetes mellitus:Peripheral blood and placental circRNA can induce the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus by impairing the proliferation,migration and metabolism of placental trophoblast cells.(6)Non-coding RNA in exosomes and gestational diabetes mellitus:Peripheral blood non-coding RNA in exosomes can affect gestational diabetes mellitus blood glucose levels and glucose homeostasis,and participate in the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus by influencing placental function.(7)Non-coding RNA has the potential to serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.Additionally,engineered exosomes can better achieve targeted therapy for gestational diabetes mellitus.These latest findings provide a reference for both basic research and clinical translation of gestational diabetes mellitus.(8)In the future,improvements in the extraction and purification methods of peripheral blood exosomes should be improved,and factors such as race,diet and physical activity should be excluded to improve the reproducibility of results.Further prospective clinical studies are required to explore the clinical application of circulating non-coding RNA and exosomes in the prediction and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Obesity and its associated complications are highly related to a current public health crisis around the world. A growing body of evidence has indicated that G-protein coupled bile acid (BA) receptor TGR5 (also known as Gpbar-1) is a potential drug target to treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders. We have identified notoginsenoside Ft1 (Ft1) from