Animals ; Erythrocytes ; physiology ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; physiology ; Oxygen ; Water ; chemistry

The efflux of nitro oxide (NO) in the duration of storing red blood cells (RBCs) was the main reason resulting in decrease and even loss of vasodilatory activity, cell deformability and ability of carrying oxygen (O2) in the stored RBCs. The deep understanding physical functions and acting ways of NO in circulatory system, as well as transformations and balance control of S-Nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) has an important significance for ensuring sure safety and efficacy of transfusion. In this article, the physical functions, acting ways, retaining and transferring form of nitro oxide, and SNO-Hb adjusting, as well as effects of SNO-Hb concentration on change on stored red blood cells were reviewed.
Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; physiology ; Hemoglobins ; biosynthesis ; Humans ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism

Erythrocytes lack nuclei and mitochondria, critical elements in the machinery of nucleated cell apoptosis. However, most recently, it became obvious that erythrocytes may undergo programmed aging, as well as suicidal death. The term eryptosis has been coined to describe the suicidal erythrocyte death. Eryptosis is triggered mainly by increased cytosolic Ca(2+) activity, in turn, Ca(2+) activates Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels, scramblase, calpain and other proteases, respectively. A series of molecular events of erythrocyte programmed death induced. The cascade reaction of related molecules and finally lead to cell clearance. There is evidence suggesting that erythrocytes aging and death process are regulated tightly and there are many molecular participants and signaling pathways involved in aging and death process of erythrocytes. Erythrocytes have already been used as a model for aging study, and the knowledge about mechanisms involved in eryptosis may provide an important clue to understand the mechanisms involved in suicidal death of nucleated cells. In this review the factors influencing programmed death of erythrocytes, the role of Ca(2+) and ceramide in programmed death of erythrocytes, the role of blebbing in process of erythrocyte aging, the antigens of erythrocyte aging and so on are summarized.
Calcium ; physiology ; Cell Death ; Cellular Senescence ; Ceramides ; physiology ; Erythrocytes ; cytology ; Humans

AIMTo convenience of the methods for assaying red blood cell glycolysis without oxygen condition in the studies.

METHODSReagent kit of glucose, perchloric acid, visible light prismatic photometer, battle of nitrogen and rocking bed are used in the studies. The process includes 4 steps prepare Tris- HCI solution and so on, assay of red blood cell glycolysis without oxygen condition and account of glycolysis rate.

RESULTSHuman red blood cells stored at 4 degrees C for 75 d, in SOD solution, the glycolysis rate is 86.2% +/- 5.0%, distinctly better than GMA solution (39.2% +/- 8.9%).

CONCLUSIONThe methods of assaying glycolysis without oxygen condition not use Habea's apparatus. The operation is convenient and simple and its determinations can be performed in ordinary laboratory and is is accurate.

Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; physiology ; Glycolysis ; physiology ; Hematologic Tests ; methods ; Humans ; Oxygen ; metabolism

Erythrocytes are devoid of nuclei and mitochondria which are the crucial elements of apoptosis, so their programmed suicidal death is called eryptosis. Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, activation of proteases, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) activates nonselective cation channels that increase cytosolic Ca(2+) activity and platelet-activating factor (PAF) activates a sphingomyelinase which lead to formation of ceramide. Either can lead to membrane scrambling with subsequent phosphatidylserine exposure. Exposed phosphatidylserine is recognized by macrophages that engulf and degrade the injured cells. As such, eryptosis can clear the injured red blood cells and avoid the release of hemoglobin. The signaling of eryptosis includes PGE(2), cation channels, PAF, ceramide, protein kinase C, and in some instances, caspases. In this review, the PGE(2), PAF and protein kinase pathways, erythrocyte surface receptor-mediated effects, oxidative stress and caspase effects, the inhibitory factors of eryptosis and the clinical eryptosis-related diseases are discussed.
Apoptosis ; physiology ; Dinoprostone ; metabolism ; Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; physiology ; Humans ; Platelet Activating Factor ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction

AIMTo establish a simple and effective method for RBCs labeling and survival assays, and the qualities of rabbit RBCs preserved in GMA solution at 4 degrees C were verified.

METHODSThe bloods were taken through the ear arteries of the rabbits. The RBCs were labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and were reinjected to the same rabbit through ear veins. The percentage of FITC labeled RBCs was assayed by FACS at a series of times after injection. The SAS software was employed to analyze the data and establish the regression equations. The 24-hour recovery and the half-life span of the labeled RBCs were calculated according to the equations.

RESULTSThe 24-hour recovery and the half-life span of the labeled RBCs in the control group were 93.76% +/- 5.40% and 22.50% +/- 4.37 days respectively, which was in agreement with the previous papers. The 24-hour recovery and the half-life span of the labeled RBCs in the GMA group were 89.13% +/- 7.10% and 11.41% +/- 1.63 days respectively, which was coincident with the infusion conditions.

CONCLUSIONCompared with other methods of RBCs labeling in vivo, FITC labeling was thought to be easier and cheaper to use, which could facilitate the analysis of the biological character of the labeled cells, and could be used to trace the fate of labeled cells.

Animals ; Blood Preservation ; methods ; Erythrocyte Aging ; physiology ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythrocytes ; physiology ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Rabbits ; Software

The membrane viscoelasticity of erythrocyte taken from both normal subjects and patients with cor pulmonale during acute exacerbation was investigated using a micropipette aspiration technique. Experimental results were analysed with vogit viscoelaticity model based on pioneering theory of Chein et al. The results showed that the erythrocyte membrane elastic moduli ((6.970 +/- 1.050) x 10(-3) dyn/cm) and viscous coefficients ((0.936 +/- 0.242) x 10(-4) dyn x s/cm) of the cor pulmonale patients was significantly higher than those of the normal subjects ((5.203 +/- 1.051) X 10(-3) dyn/cm, (0.620 +/- 0.053) x 10(-4) dyn x s/cm). The membrane elastic moduli, viscous coefficients, rigidity of erythrocyte, and viscosity were all increased. It may be the important subcellular mechanism to cause the decrease of erythrocyte deformability and hyperviscosity of blood in these patients.
Blood Viscosity ; Elasticity ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; physiology ; Erythrocyte Membrane ; physiology ; Erythrocytes ; physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Pulmonary Heart Disease ; blood

In three isolated organs, spleen, cardiac and skeletal muscles, kinetic studies of red cell washout were carried out by using perfusion of the cell-free, oxygenated Ringer's solution. It is found that in each organ there are slow components for red cells to be emptied out from the vascular lumens ranging 30 to 50 minutes as the desaturation half-time. The slowest decay constants (K) are -1.48 X 10(-3) for spleen, -2.33 X 10(-3) for gastrocnemius muscle, and -4.0 X 10(-3) for cardiac muscle.
Animal ; Cats ; Coronary Vessels* ; Erythrocytes/physiology* ; Microcirculation ; Muscles/blood supply* ; Spleen/blood supply*

Rh is a very important blood group like ABO blood system in transfusion medicine. It causes severe transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) if RhD blood group does not match between the donor and the recipient. The population of RhD negative is only about 0.2% - 0.5% in Chinese. Conversion of RhD positive RBCs to RhD negative is very important in clinical transfusion. This study was to try to modify RhD antigen located on the surface of A, B, O and AB red blood cells in order to convert RhD positive to RhD negative by the modification of four kinds of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) derivatives and to observe the effect of mPEG modification on cell morphology, structure and function. The result demonstrated that modification efficiency of mPEG-BTC (mPEG-benzotriazole carbonate) was better than other three kinds of mPEG derivatives. It could camouflage RhD antigen efficiently when the concentration reached to 1 mmol/L. The result also showed that there were no harmful effects of mPEG modification on cell morphology, osmotic fragility, hemolysis, AchE, cholesterol, ATP, 2,3-DPG and deformability. It is suggested that success in converting RhD positive RBCs to RhD negative was preliminarily achieved.
Erythrocytes ; drug effects ; immunology ; physiology ; Humans ; Polyethylene Glycols ; pharmacology ; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System ; immunology

In order to optimize the preservation of blood, 3 kinds of antioxidant were selected and each of them can be injected directly into vein, then the optimal dose of these antioxidants was chosen using statistical method; ISMC (injectio salvia miltiorrhizae composita), ginaton and the combination of ISMC and ginaton were added into blood as optimal dose, some references as ATP, EI and so on were observed during blood preservation. The results showed that all of the three kinds of antioxidants increased ATP, EI and decreased FHb during blood preservation. It is concluded that both of ISMC and ginaton can effectively optimize the preservation of blood and combination of ISMC and ginaton can produce additive effect.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Blood Preservation ; Erythrocytes ; drug effects ; physiology ; Humans ; Salvia miltiorrhiza