analysis.RESULTS: In term of the hemagglutination titer of influenza virus, the reactivity to chicken and guinea pig red blood cell showed different results between egg propagated and cell propagated viruses. In the sequence analysis results for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, no antigenic mutation was observed throughout all passages when cultured in MDCK-Sky3851 cells. On the other hand, mutations occurred in three amino acid sequences (H156R, G186S, S219F) in hemagglutinin up to 15 passages when cultured in eggs.CONCLUSION: H3N2 influenza virus cultured in eggs could lead mutations in amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin, distinct from the corresponding virus cultured in cells for which no antigenic mutation was observed. These findings suggest that cell culture is a more stable and effective way of production with lower risk of antigenic mutations for the manufacture of influenza vaccines.]]>
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Line ; Chickens ; Eggs ; Erythrocytes ; Guinea Pigs ; Hand ; Hemagglutination ; Hemagglutinins ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human ; Neuraminidase ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Ovum ; Sequence Analysis ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms

Objective: To analyze the rate of erythrocyte iron incorporation and provided guidance for the iron nutrition for prepubertal children. Methods: Fifty-seven prepubertal children of Beijing were involved in this study and each subject was orally administered 3 mg of Fe twice daily to obtain a total of 30 mg Fe after a 5-d period. The stable isotope ratios in RBCs were determined in 14th day, 28th day, 60th day, and 90th day. The erythrocyte incorporation rate in children was calculated using the stable isotope ratios, blood volume and body iron mass. Results: The percentage of erythrocyte Fe incorporation increased starting 14 th day, reached a peak at 60 d (boys: 19.67% ± 0.56%, girls: 21.33% ± 0.59%) and then decreased. The erythrocyte incorporation rates of Fe obtained for girls in 60th day was significantly higher than those obtained for boys ( < 0.0001). Conclusions The oral administration of Fe to children can be used to obtain erythrocyte iron incorporation within 90 d. Prepubertal girls should begin to increase the intake of iron and further studies should pay more attention to the iron status in prepubertal children.
Beijing ; Child ; Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Iron ; metabolism ; Iron Isotopes ; analysis ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; methods

OBJECTIVE: A strain of Aspergillus niger (A. niger), capable of releasing bound phenolic acids from wheat bran, was isolated. This strain was identified by gene sequence identification. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of ferulic acid released from wheat bran by this A. niger strain (FA-WB) were evaluated. METHODS: Molecular identification techniques based on PCR analysis of specific genomic sequences were conducted; antioxidant ability was examined using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays, and erythrocyte hemolysis assays. RAW264.7 cells were used as a model to detect anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS: The filamentous fungal isolate was identified to be A. niger. ORAC and CAA assay showed that FA-WB had better antioxidant activity than that of the ferulic acid standard. The erythrocyte hemolysis assay results suggested that FA-WB could attenuate AAPH-induced oxidative stress through inhibition of reactive oxy gen species (ROS) generation. FA-WB could significantly restore the AAPH-induced increase in intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities to normal levels as well as inhibit the intracellular malondialdehyde formation. TNF-a, IL-6, and NO levels indicated that FA-WB can inhibit the inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CONCLUSION Ferulic acid released from wheat bran by a new strain of A. niger had good anti-inflammatory activity and better antioxidant ability than standard ferulic acid.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Aspergillus niger ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Coumaric Acids ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; DNA, Fungal ; analysis ; Dietary Fiber ; microbiology ; Erythrocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Mice ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Sheep ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

Objective: To compare the effects of different hemolytic diseases on the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) to further explore the relationship between HbA(1c) and laboratory indexes to disclose implications of HbA(1c) in hemolytic diseases. Methods: The distribution of 192 decreased HbA(1c) cases in 4 categories of hemolytic diseases was analyzed. Laboratory indexes related to hemolysis were tested and analyzed in each kind of disease, and relationship between laboratory indexes and HbA(1)c was statistically explored. Results: Diagnoses of decreased HbA(1c) cases mainly included erythrocyte membranopathies (88 cases), immunohemolytic anemia (72 cases), hemoglobinopathy (4 cases) and erythrocyte enzymopathy (5 cases). The distribution of HbA(2) and normal HbF subjects in immunohemolytic anemia and hemoglobinopathy was significantly different from those of HbA(2) and / or abnormal HbF subjects (41.7% vs 22.0%, χ(2)=5.574, P=0.018; 0.7% vs 7.3%, P=0.031). Compared with non-hemolytic disease patients, those who suffered from 4 categories of hemolytic diseases showed lower HbA(1c) level and higher reticulocyte percentage (Ret), indirect bilirubin (IBIL) and free hemoglobin (F-Hb). Different levels of Ret, reticulocyte hemoglobin content (Ret-He), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), IBIL and F-Hb among the 4 kinds of diseases were observed, but the causes of the differences were not the same. HbA(1c) was negatively correlated with other laboratory indexes in erythrocyte membranopathies and immunohemolytic anemia. Conclusions: Hemolytic disease resulted in false lower HbA(1c), but impact of difference on HbA1c between different diseases was not significant. HbA(1c) was closely connected to laboratory indexes related to hemolysis, which might have potential implications for hemolytic diseases such as erythrocyte membranopathies and immunohemolytic anemia.
Data Analysis ; Erythrocytes ; Glycated Hemoglobin ; Hemoglobinopathies ; Hemolysis ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo investigate the current status of vitamin A deficiency in preschool children in Dongguan, China, as well as the effect of vitamin A on serum ferritin, red blood cell, and reticulocyte parameters.

METHODSCluster sampling was performed from April 2015 to December 2016 to select 2 085 preschool children (3-6 years old) without any disease in Dongguan. Routine blood test, reticulocyte count, serum ferritin measurement, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and vitamin A measurement were performed for all children. The associations of age and sex with vitamin A and serum ferritin concentrations were analyzed. The effect of vitamin A concentration on serum ferritin, red blood cell, and reticulocyte parameters and the effect of reduced iron storage caused by vitamin A deficiency on red blood cell parameters were evaluated.

RESULTSOf the 2 085 children, 140 (6.71%) had reduced iron storage, and 678 (32.52%) had vitamin A deficiency. Among the 678 children with vitamin A deficiency, 647 (95.4%) had subclinical deficiency and 31 (4.6%) had clinical deficiency. There was no significant difference in vitamin A concentration between boys and girls, however girls had a significantly higher serum ferritin concentration than boys (P<0.05). The clinical vitamin A deficiency group had a significantly higher serum ferritin concentration than the subclinical vitamin A deficiency group and the normal group (P<0.05). In cases of vitamin A deficiency, the reduced iron storage group had significant reductions in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin than the normal iron storage group (P<0.05). Compared with the normal vitamin A group, the vitamin A deficiency group had significantly lower hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit, absolute reticulocyte count, reticulocyte percentage, and reticulocyte hemoglobin content, as well as a significantly higher mean corpuscular volume (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSVitamin A deficiency is prevalent in preschool children in Dongguan, China, and it may adversely affect serum ferritin, red blood cell, and reticulocyte parameters.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Erythrocytes ; chemistry ; Female ; Ferritins ; blood ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Vitamin A ; blood ; Vitamin A Deficiency ; blood

OBJECTIVE: A massive transfusion (MT) of 10 or more units of packed red blood cells (PRCs) focuses on the summation volumes over 24 hours. This traditional concept promotes survivor bias and fails to identify the “massively” transfused patient. The critical administration threshold (≥3 units of PRCs per hour, CAT+) has been proposed as a new definition of MT that includes the volume and rate of blood transfusion. This study examined the CAT in predicting mortality in adult patients with severe trauma, compared to MT. METHODS: Retrospective data of adult major trauma patients (age≥15 years, Injury Severity Score [ISS]≥16) from a regional trauma center collected between May 2016 and June 2017 were used to identify the factors associated with trauma-related death. Univariate associations were calculated, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the parameters associated with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 540 patients were analyzed. The median ISS was 22, and the hospital mortality rate was 30.9% (n=92). Forty-two (7.8%) and 23 (4.3%) patients were CAT+ and traditional MT+, respectively. Severe brain injury, CAT+, acidosis, and elderly age were significant variables in multivariate analysis. CAT+ was associated with a fourfold increased risk of death (odds ratio, 4.427; 95% confidence interval, 1.040–18.849), but MT+ was not associated (odds, 1.837; 95% confidence interval, 0.376–8.979). CONCLUSION: The new concept of CAT for transfusion was a more useful validation concept of mortality in adult severe trauma patients on admission than traditional MT. Encompassing both the rate and volume of transfusion, CAT is a more sensitive tool than common MT definitions.
Acidosis ; Adult* ; Aged ; Animals ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Blood Transfusion ; Brain Injuries ; Cats ; Erythrocytes ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Logistic Models ; Mortality* ; Multiple Trauma ; Multivariate Analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survivors ; Trauma Centers

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a value representing the heterogeneity in the size of red blood cell, and it is usually used in distinguishing types of anaemia. Recently, it was reported that it could reflect the burden of inflammation in diverse diseases and their prognosis. Hence, in this study, we investigated whether RDW may contribute to discriminating adult onset Still’s disease (AOSD) from sepsis in serious febrile patients within 24 hours after hospitalization. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records and enrolled 21 AOSD patients, 27 sepsis patients and 30 matched healthy controls. We collected at least two laboratory results of variables including RDW within 24 hours after hospitalization, and we calculated their mean values. RESULTS: Sepsis patients showed the significantly increased median white blood cell count, compared to AOSD patients (14,390.0/mm3 vs. 12,390.0/mm3 , p = 0.010). The median RDW in sepsis patients was higher than that in AOSD patients (15.0% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.001), and furthermore, the median RDW in both patient-groups was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. In contrast, the median ferritin level in sepsis patients was lower than that in AOSD patients (544.0 mg/dL vs. 3,756.6 mg/dL, p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, RDW ≥ 14.8% (odds ratio, 17.549) and ferritin < 2,251.0 mg/dL (odds ratio, 32.414) independently suggested sepsis more than AOSD in patients initially presenting with fever requiring hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: RDW might be a rapid and helpful marker for a differential diagnosis between AOSD from sepsis at an early phase.
Adult* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Erythrocytes* ; Ferritins ; Fever ; Hospitalization* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Leukocyte Count ; Medical Records ; Multivariate Analysis ; Population Characteristics ; Prognosis ; Sepsis* ; Still's Disease, Adult-Onset*

The purpose of this study is to investigate a spectrum analysis technique for detecting and monitoring red blood cell (RBC) aggregation using a high-frequency array transducer. To assess the feasibility of this approach, the backscattered radio-frequency signal from non-aggregated and aggregated RBC samples with two hematocrit levels were acquired by using a 30-MHz linear array transducer and analyzed in frequency domain. Three parameters such as spectral slope, midband fit and Y intercept were extracted in a static condition. Fresh porcine blood was used and degrees of aggregation were changed by diluting plasma concentration. From the experiments, it was demonstrated that the spectral slope related to a size of scatterer progressively declined as the level of aggregation increased; its mean values at hematocrit of 40% were 1.10 and −0.22 dB/MHz for RBCs suspended in isotonic phosphate buffered saline and solution with 70% plasma concentrations, respectively. For the midband fit and Y intercept, the mean values were increased by 9.1 and 46.4 dB, respectively. These results indicated that the spectrum analysis technique is useful for monitoring RBC aggregation and can be potentially developed for assessing aggregation in clinical applications.
Erythrocytes* ; Hematocrit ; Plasma ; Spectrum Analysis* ; Transducers* ; Ultrasonography*

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) can induce alterations in blood viscoelasticity and cause red blood cell (RBC) aggregation. In this study, the authors evaluated the effects of pump flow pulsatility on blood viscoelasticity and RBC aggregation. METHODS: Mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to two groups: a nonpulsatile pump group (n=6) or a pulsatile pump group (n=6). After ECC was started at a pump flow rate of 80 mL/kg/min, cardiac fibrillation was induced. Blood sampling was performed before and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after ECC commencement. To eliminate bias induced by hematocrit and plasma, all blood samples were adjusted to a hematocrit of 45% using baseline plasma. Blood viscoelasticity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, arterial blood gas analysis, central venous O2 saturation, and lactate were measured. RESULTS: The blood viscosity and aggregation index decreased abruptly 1 hour after ECC and then remained low during ECC in both groups, but blood elasticity did not change during ECC. Blood viscosity, blood elasticity, plasma viscosity, and the aggregation index were not significantly different in the groups at any time. Hematocrit decreased abruptly 1 hour after ECC in both groups due to dilution by the priming solution used. CONCLUSION: After ECC, blood viscoelasticity and RBC aggregation were not different in the pulsatile and nonpulsatile groups in the adult dog model. Furthermore, pulsatile flow did not have a more harmful effect on blood viscoelasticity or RBC aggregation than nonpulsatile flow.
Adult ; Animals ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Viscosity ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Dogs ; Elasticity ; Erythrocytes* ; Extracorporeal Circulation* ; Hematocrit ; Hematology ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Plasma ; Pulsatile Flow ; Viscosity

Blood transfusion is a well-established cell therapy. However, blood available for transfusion is a limited resource and is available only through donations by healthy volunteers. Moreover, the perpetual and widespread shortage of blood products, problems related to transfusion transmitted infections, and new emerging pathogens have elicited an increase in demand for artificial blood. Therefore, research for alternative RBC substitutes has begun in the 1960s. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carrier (PBOC) were two popular study subjects; however, research on these substitute candidates was halted due to unsatisfactory results and safety issues, including death, in the 1990s. Since then, worldwide efforts to produce RBC have shifted over to stem cell-derived RBC production using cord blood and G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells, and some progress has been made. In terms of practical usefulness, however, large-scale production and cost effectiveness are still problematic. Recently, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) have shown the potential to produce RBCs as unlimited cell sources. These two methods using hESCs and hiPSCs are also cost-effective since autologous and O, D negative blood RBCs will be used for alloimmunized patients with multiple alloantibodies or rare blood types (high incidence antigens) as well as universal blood production. We will review the current research on in vitro RBC production from hematopoietic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells and assess future directions in this field.
Blood Substitutes ; Blood Transfusion ; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Erythrocytes* ; Fetal Blood ; Healthy Volunteers ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Human Embryonic Stem Cells ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Incidence ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Isoantibodies ; Oxygen ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Stem Cells*