BACKGROUND: To observe changes in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and its associated risk factors in a rural Bangladeshi population over a 10-year period. METHODS: Three cross-sectional studies were undertaken in a rural community (aged > or =20 years) in 1999, 2004, and 2009. Structured questionnaires including sociodemographic parameters, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and blood glucose values were recorded. DM and IFG were diagnosed using 1999 World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: Age standardized prevalence of DM increased significantly (P<0.001) from 1999 to 2009 (2.3%, 6.8%, and 7.9% in 1999, 2004, and 2009, respectively). The prevalence of IFG increased significantly (P=0.011) from 4.6% to 5.8% between 1999 and 2004 but then decreased from 5.8% to 5.3% during 2004 to 2009. Significant linear trends were shown in both sexes for general and central obesity as indicated by body mass index, waist circumference, and waist hip ratio (WHR). Increasing age and systolic blood pressure were significant risk factors for DM in all three studies. WHR for males was also significantly associated with the risk of DM in all three studies. WHR for females was only significantly associated with DM in 2009. CONCLUSION: A significant rise in the prevalence of DM was observed in this population over 10 years. This increase was seen in both sexes, and in all age groups. A significant increase in the prevalence of the associated risk factors of general and central obesity was observed in both sexes.
Bangladesh ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Fasting ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio ; World Health Organization ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The statement that the protocol was approved by the Norwegian Ethical Committee is incorrect.

No abstract available.
Prevalence

Articular cartilage, which is mainly composed of collagen II, enables smooth skeletal movement. Degeneration of collagen II can be caused by various events, such as injury, but degeneration especially increases over the course of normal aging. Unfortunately, the body does not fully repair itself from this type of degeneration, resulting in impaired movement. Microfracture, an articular cartilage repair surgical technique, has been commonly used in the clinic to induce the repair of tissue at damage sites. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have also been used as cell therapy to repair degenerated cartilage. However, the therapeutic outcomes of all these techniques vary in different patients depending on their age, health, lesion size and the extent of damage to the cartilage. The repairing tissues either form fibrocartilage or go into a hypertrophic stage, both of which do not reproduce the equivalent functionality of endogenous hyaline cartilage. One of the reasons for this is inefficient chondrogenesis by endogenous and exogenous MSC. Drugs that promote chondrogenesis could be used to induce self-repair of damaged cartilage as a non-invasive approach alone, or combined with other techniques to greatly assist the therapeutic outcomes. The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs), which are able to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types, provides a potentially valuable cell resource for drug screening in a "more relevant" cell type. Here we report a screening platform using human iPSCs in a multi-well plate format to identify compounds that could promote chondrogenesis.
Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Chondrocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Chondrogenesis ; drug effects ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; methods ; Genes, Reporter ; genetics ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Keratinocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Luciferases ; genetics ; Peptides ; chemical synthesis ; metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Small Molecule Libraries ; pharmacology