OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating psychiatric disease with unknown etiology. Recent studies have shown inflammation as a potential contributing factor of BD pathogenesis. However, potential associations between chemokine and chemokine receptor polymorphisms and BD have been fundamentally understudied. To identify participation of chemokines in BD pathogenesis, we examined genetic variants of several chemokine and chemokine receptor genes. METHODS: The study population comprised 200 patients with BD and 195 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genotyping of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) A2518G, CCR2 V64I, CCR5 Δ32, CCR5 A55029G, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) 3'A, and CXCR4 C138T polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. RESULTS: We found that CCR5-Δ32 II and CXCR4-C138T C+ genotype frequencies contributed to an increased risk for BD. However, no statistical significance could be obtained with these genotypes after Bonferroni correction. A significant asssociation was only found with MCP-1 GG and G+ genotypes, which were markedly more prevalent in patients with BD and these genotypes seemed to significantly increase the risk for BD even after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate an association between genetic variants of certain chemokine and chemokine receptor (especially MCP-1) genes and BD. The exact mechanisms by which these variants contribute to BD pathogenesis and their clinical implications need to be further investigated.
Bipolar Disorder* ; Chemokine CCL2 ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; Chemokines ; Digestion ; Genotype ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective: NOD-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome complex has been recently associated with chronic unpredictablemild stress (CUMS) model of depression. Our aim was to investigate whether ketamine-induced antidepressant effect is associated withsuppression of NLRP1. Methods: Wistar albino rats were divided into control, CUMS, CUMS+acute ketamine (a single 10 mg/kg dose) and CUMS+chronicketamine (daily 10 mg/kg injections for 3 weeks) groups (n=10 for each group). Sucrose preference test and forced swimming test wereperformed to assess anhedonia and immobility time respectively for the severety of depression symptoms. Brain tissues were dissectedand prefrontal cortex and hippocampus regions were used for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemicalanalysis. Results: CUMS procedure significantly induced depressive-like symptoms whereas both acute and chronic ketamine treatment amelioratedthem. mRNA expression levels of NLRP1, caspase 1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), NF-κB,endothelial nitric oxide synthase, IL-1β, IL-6, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and purinergic 2×7 receptor (P2X7R) and numbers of Iba-1+and GFAP+glial cells were reduced by acute and/or chronic ketamine treatment. Conclusion In the present study for the first time upstream and downstream elements of the NLRP1 inflammasome complex are shownto be suppressed by ketamine thus reinforcing the involvement of NLRP1 in the physiopathology of depression.Psychiatry Investig 2020;17(4):283-291