BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent type of cancer with a high mortality rate in its late stages. One of the major challenges in OSCC treatment is the resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the mechanism underlying drug resistance and develop appropriate precision therapy strategies to enhance clinical efficacy. METHODS: To evaluate the efficacy of the combination of the Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2) inhibitor KN93 and EGFR inhibitors, we performed in vitro and in vivo experiments using two FAT atypical cadherin 1 ( FAT1 )-deficient (SCC9 and SCC25) and two FAT1 wild-type (SCC47 and HN12) OSCC cell lines. We assessed the effects of EGFR inhibitors (afatinib or cetuximab), KN93, or their combination on the malignant phenotype of OSCC in vivo and in vitro . The alterations in protein expression levels of members of the EGFR signaling pathway and SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) were analyzed. Changes in the yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) protein were characterized. Moreover, we analyzed mitochondrial dysfunction. Besides, the effects of combination therapy on mitochondrial dynamics were also evaluated. RESULTS: OSCC with FAT1 mutations exhibited resistance to EGFR inhibitors treatment. The combination of KN93 and EGFR inhibitors significantly inhibited the proliferation, survival, and migration of FAT1 -mutated OSCC cells and suppressed tumor growth in vivo . Mechanistically, combination therapy enhanced the therapeutic sensitivity of FAT1 -mutated OSCC cells to EGFR inhibitors by modulating the EGFR pathway and downregulated tumor stemness-related proteins. Furthermore, combination therapy induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupted mitochondrial dynamics, ultimately resulting in tumor suppression. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with EGFR inhibitors and KN93 could be a novel precision therapeutic strategy and a potential clinical solution for EGFR-resistant OSCC patients with FAT1 mutations.
Humans ; ErbB Receptors/metabolism* ; Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Animals ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics* ; Cadherins/metabolism* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mutation/genetics* ; Mice, Nude ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Cetuximab/pharmacology* ; Afatinib/therapeutic use* ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects*

BACKGROUND: Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) failed to bring survival benefits to patients with epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) mutations in PACIFIC study (evaluating durvalumab in patients with stage III, unresectable NSCLC who did not have disease progression after concurrent chemoradiotherapy). We aimed to explore whether locally advanced inoperable patients with EGFR mutations benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and the optimal treatment regimen. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases from inception to December 31, 2022 and performed a meta-analysis based on a Bayesian framework, with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) as the primary endpoints. RESULTS: A total of 1156 patients were identified in 16 studies that included 6 treatment measures, including CRT, CRT followed by durvalumab (CRT-Durva), TKI monotherapy, radiotherapy combined with TKI (RT-TKI), CRT combined with TKI (CRT-TKI), and TKI combined with durvalumab (TKI-Durva). The PFS of patients treated with TKI-containing regimens was significantly longer than that of patients treated with TKI-free regimens (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.66). The PFS of TKI monotherapy was significantly longer than that of CRT (HR = 0.66, 95% CI, 0.50-0.87) but shorter than RT-TKI (HR = 1.78, 95% CI, 1.17-2.67). Furthermore, the PFS of RT-TKI or CRT-TKI were both significantly longer than that of CRT or CRT-Durva. RT-TKI ranked first in the Bayesian ranking, with the longest OS (60.8 months, 95% CI = 37.2-84.3 months) and the longest PFS (21.5 months, 95% CI, 15.4-27.5 months) in integrated analysis. CONCLUSIONS: For unresectable stage III EGFR mutant NSCLC, RT and TKI are both essential. Based on the current evidence, RT-TKI brings a superior survival advantage, while CRT-TKI needs further estimation. Large randomized clinical trials are urgently needed to explore the appropriate application sequences of TKI, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. REGISTRATION PROSPERO; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ; No. CRD42022298490.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy* ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Mutation/genetics* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use*

Based on the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway-mediated cell proliferation, this study explores the effect of cisplatin combined with Guiqi Yiyuan Ointment on Lewis lung cancer-bearing mice. A total of 60 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a blank group with 10 mice and a modeling group with 50 mice. After modeling, they were randomly divided into the model group, cisplatin group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose groups of cisplatin combined with Guiqi Yiyuan Ointment, with 10 mice in each group. After 14 days of medication, the general condition of the mice was observed; body weight was measured, and organ index and tumor inhibition rate were calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the pathological morphology changes in tumor tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the positive rate of Ki-67 antigen(Ki-67) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) in tumor tissue. Western blot and real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) were used to detect the expression of related proteins and mRNA in tumor tissue. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle of tumor cells in tumor tissue. The results showed that compared with that in the blank group, the general condition of mice in the model group deteriorated; the body weight, as well as thymus and spleen index of mice in the model group decreased after 14 days of medication. Compared with that in the model group, the general condition of mice in the cisplatin group deteriorated, while the condition of mice in the combined groups improved; the body weight, as well as thymus and spleen index of mice in the cisplatin group decreased, while the three indicators in the combined groups increased; the tumor weight of each medication group decreased, and the tumor inhibition rate increased; there were varying degrees of necrosis in tumor cells of each medication group, and the tightness of tumor cells, the increase in the number of cell nuclei and chromatin, and mitosis all decreased. The positive rate of Ki-67 and PCNA, as well as the protein expression and ratio of p-EGFR/EGFR, rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog(Ras), phosphorylated Raf-1 protein kinase(p-Raf-1)/Raf-1, phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase(p-MEK)/MEK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK)/ERK and the mRNA expression of EGFR, Ras, Raf-1, MEK, and ERK all decreased. The proportion of tumor cells in the G_0/G_1 phase of each medication group increased, and that in the S phase decreased. In addition, there was no significant difference in the G_2/M phase. Compared with that of the cisplatin group, the tumor weight of the combined groups decreased, and the tumor inhibition rate increased. The necrosis and mitosis of tumor cells in the combined groups were more pronounced; the positive rate of Ki-67 and PCNA, the protein expression and ratio of p-EGFR/EGFR, Ras, p-Raf-1/Raf-1, p-MEK/MEK, and p-ERK/ERK, as well as the mRNA expression of EGFR, Ras, Raf-1, MEK, and ERK in the combined groups all decreased. The proportion of tumor cells in the G_0/G_1 phase of the combined medium-and high-dose groups increased, and that in the S phase decreased. There was no significant difference in the proportion of tumor cells of the combined groups in the G_2/M phase. This indicates that the combination of cisplatin and Guiqi Yiyuan Ointment can enhance the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin on tumor-bearing mice, and the mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of the EGFR/MAPK pathway, which accelerates the arrest of tumor cells in the G_0/G_1 phase, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells. At the same time, the study also indicates that Guiqi Yiyuan Ointment may reduce the damage of tumors to mice and the toxic side effects brought by cisplatin chemotherapy.
Animals ; Male ; Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Mice ; Cisplatin/administration & dosage* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects* ; Ointments/administration & dosage* ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects* ; Humans ; Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage* ; Lung Neoplasms/metabolism*

It has been popular and challenging to undertake researches on the delay of acquired resistance of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI). As key cells for tumor initiation, cancer stem cells (CSC) play an important role in the process of resistance to EGFR-TKI. Although preliminary studies found that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) could inhibit CSC properties and delay EGFR-TKI resistance, the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. By summarizing the empirical syndrome treatment of EGFR-TKI resistance via TCM and combining recent researches on TCM intervention in CSC to delay EGFR-TKI resistance, this review discussed the potential molecular pathways and mechanisms of deceleration in resistance to EGFR-TKI by TCM via inhibiting CSC characteristics, in order to expand the research ideas of TCM in combination with targeted therapy.
Humans ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects* ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

BACKGROUND: In the real world, the plasma drug concentration range of Icotinib treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not yet clear, and there may be a correlation between drug concentration and its efficacy, as well as adverse reactions. This study conducted therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of Icotinib. The aim of this study was to analyze the drug exposure of Icotinib in targeted therapy for NSCLC, and to investigate the relationship between Icotinib drug concentration and its efficacy and safety. METHODS: Prospective blood samples were collected from NSCLC patients with EGFR-sensitive mutations who received treatment with Icotinib in Peking University Cancer Hospital from April 2022 to July 2024. The drug trough concentration of Icotinib in plasma was detected, and the correlation between drug concentration and efficacy, as well as the toxic side effects, were further analyzed based on the patient's clinical medical records. RESULTS: 22 patients who were treated with Icotinib underwent TDM, but one of them did not acquire the data due to prolonged discontinuation. The remaining 21 patients, each with 1-7 blood draws, obtained a total of 32 plasma drug concentration data. The drug concentration of icotinib is a range of 126.9-2317.1 ng/mL. Among the 21 patients, 18 cases were female (85.7%), and 3 cases were male (14.3%), with an age range of 44-85 years old. The pathological types are all lung adenocarcinoma. Except for 5 patients receiving postoperative adjuvant therapy, 16 patients had assessable tumors. The objective response rate was 43.8% (7/16), and the disease control rate reached 100.0% (16/16). The median value of drug concentration is 805.5 ng/mL among those 21 patients. Compared with the patients who achieved stable disease, the median value of drug concentrations of Icotinib in patients who achieved partial response were 497.2 and 1195.5 ng/mL, respectively (P=0.017). The median value of drug concentrations for patients who did not experience adverse reactions during treatment and those who experienced adverse reactions were 997.0 and 828.6 ng/mL, respectively (P=0.538). CONCLUSIONS Icotinib demonstrates good therapeutic effect and tolerable toxicity on the EGFR gene mutant NSCLC. There is a certain negative correlation between the plasma drug concentration of Icotinib and its efficacy, while there seems no significant correlation with safety.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics* ; ErbB Receptors/metabolism* ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics* ; Male ; Female ; Crown Ethers/blood* ; Middle Aged ; Drug Monitoring ; Aged ; Quinazolines/blood* ; Mutation ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Agents/blood* ; Prospective Studies

Fusion variations of neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) are oncogenic drivers in various solid tumors such as breast cancer, salivary gland carcinoma, infant fibrosarcoma, etc. Gene rearrangements involving NTRK1/2/3 lead to constitutive activation of the tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) domain, and the expressed fusion proteins drive tumor growth and survival. NTRK fusions are estimated to occur at a frequency of approximately 0.1% to 1% in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are prevalent in NSCLC, but the frequency of EGFR G719A mutation is relatively low (about 2%), and EGFR mutations are typically mutually exclusive with NTRK fusion variants. The study presented the first documented case of lung adenocarcinoma harboring both EGFR G719A mutation and LMNA-NTRK1 fusion. A review of the literature was conducted to elucidate the role of NTRK fusion mutations in NSCLC and their relationship with EGFR mutations, aiming to enhance the understanding of NTRK fusion mutations in NSCLC.
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Humans ; Adenocarcinoma/genetics* ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Lamin Type A/genetics* ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics* ; Mutation ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics* ; Receptor, trkA/metabolism*

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) sensitive mutation is one of the effective targets of targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, due to the difficulty of obtaining some primary tissues and the economic factors in some underdeveloped areas, some patients cannot undergo traditional genetic testing. The aim of this study is to establish a machine learning (ML) model using non-invasive peripheral blood markers to explore the biomarkers closely related to EGFR mutation status in NSCLC and evaluate their potential prognostic value. METHODS: 2642 lung cancer patients who visited Jiangsu Cancer Hospital from November 2016 to May 2023 were retrospectively enrolled and finally 175 NSCLC patients with complete follow-up data were included in the study. The ML model was constructed based on peripheral blood indicators and divided into training set and test set according to the ratio of 8:2. Unsupervised learning algorithms were used for clustering blood features and mutual information method for feature selection, and an ensemble learning algorithm based on Shapley value was designed to calculate the contribution of each feature to the model prediction result. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive ability of the model. RESULTS: Through the feature extraction and contribution analysis of the predictive results of the interpretable ML model based on the Shapley value, the top ten indicators with the highest contribution were: pathological type, phosphorus, eosinophils, monocyte count, activated partial thromboplastin time, potassium, total bilirubin, sodium, eosinophil percentage, and total cholesterol. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0.80. In addition, patients with hyponatremia and squamous cell carcinoma group had a poor prognosis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The interpretable model constructed in this study provides a new approach for the prediction of EGFR mutation status in NSCLC patients, which provides a scientific basis for the diagnosis and treatment of patients who cannot undergo genetic testing.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis* ; Machine Learning ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Male ; Female ; Mutation ; Middle Aged ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Prognosis ; Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Adult ; Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics*

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 mutations represent a rare subset of genetic alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Among them, the complex mutation H773_V774delinsLM is exceedingly uncommon, accounting for only 0.2%-1% of all EGFR mutations. It is currently believed that rare EGFR mutations are generally resistant to the first- and second-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Although the third-generation EGFR-TKIs have shown some efficacy in certain rare mutations, clinical evidence regarding their use in NSCLC patients with the H773_V774delinsLM mutation remains sparse, and their efficacy and safety are yet to be clarified. Here, we present the first documented case of a patient with EGFR H773_V774delinsLM-mutant lung adenocarcinoma who experienced remarkable tumor regression following treatment with furmonertinib. This case highlights the potential utility of furmonertinib in treating patients with this rare EGFR mutation and may provide valuable insight into emerging treatment strategies for similarly affected patients.
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Humans ; Adenocarcinoma/genetics* ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Exons/genetics* ; Lung Neoplasms/enzymology* ; Mutation ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use*

Lung cancer represents one of the most prevalent malignant tumors globally, and its treatment has entered the era of targeted therapy. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is a common type of genetic mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while c-ros oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS-1) fusion mutation is a rare mutation site. Currently, there are few case reports on the coexistence of EGFR and ROS-1 gene mutations. This study reports a case of NSCLC with coexisting EGFR and ROS-1 gene mutations, aiming to provide relevant treatment strategies for clinical practice.
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Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/enzymology* ; Lung Neoplasms/enzymology* ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Mutation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ranks among the most lethal malignancies worldwide. The clinical application of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have successfully revolutionized the treatment paradigm for EGFR-mutant NSCLC, significantly prolonging progression-free survival and establishing EGFR-TKIs as the standard first-line therapy for advanced lung adenocarcinoma. However, acquired resistance remains a major obstacle to sustained clinical benefit, with mechanisms that are highly heterogeneous. A phenomenon of "oxidative stress compensation" is commonly observed in EGFR-TKIs-resistant cells, where in redox homeostasis, through the precise regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and elimination, plays a pivotal role in maintaining the balance between tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. This review aims to innovatively construct a theoretical framework describing how dynamic redox regulation influences resistance to third-generation EGFR-TKIs. It focuses on the multifaceted roles of ROS in both EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent resistance mechanisms, and further explores therapeutic strategies that target ROS kinetic thresholds and antioxidant systems. These insights not only propose an innovative "metabolic checkpoint" regulatory pathway to overcome acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR-TKIs, but also lay a molecular foundation for developing the redox biomarker-based dynamic therapeutic decision-making systems, thereby facilitating a shift in NSCLC therapy from single-target inhibition toward multi-dimensional metabolic remodeling in the context of precision medicine.
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Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics* ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects* ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics* ; Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects* ; Homeostasis/drug effects* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Animals