AIMTo analyse the impurities of gatifloxacin.

METHODSThe impurity of gatifloxacin were analysized and determinated by RP-HPLC/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with a Zorbax SB-C18(4.6 mm x 150 mm ID, 5 microns). The mobile phase was 3% acetic acid/acetonitrile-3% acetic acid/water (15:85). The two compounds were synthesized: 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (DMP) and 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-8-hydro-7-(3-methy-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (DMO). Their liquid chromatogram, UV, MS were compared with those of the impurity of gatifloxacin.

RESULTSThe mass of the impurity was 14 less than that of gatifloxacin. It means the impurity was CH2 less than gatifloxacin. The tR (HPLC), UV and MS of DMP were the same as those of the impurity of gatifloxacin.

CONCLUSIONBased on the tR (HPLC), UV and MS, the impurity of gatifloxacin is confirmed as DMP.

Anti-Infective Agents ; analysis ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drug Contamination ; Fluoroquinolones ; analysis ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

OBJECTIVETo find out the occurrence of cesarean section (CS) and to probe the factors associated with CS.

METHODSWomen with CS as "case group" and women without CS as "control group" were chosen in a case-control study.

RESULTSAmong 14 071 childbirth women, 6 421 had CS (case group) with the occurrence rate of 45.6% and 7 650 (54.4%) had normal delivery (control group). In comparison with the control group, the CS group had following several higher rates [with significant differences between case group and control group (P < 0.01)]: well-educated (78.9% vs 69.5%), white collar jobs (38.0% vs 32.3%), urban residents (79.1% vs 70.6%), high monthly income (>/= 500 Yuan) (81.0% vs 70.6%), of older age (>/= 25 years) (73.3% vs 63.0%), heavier baby weight (> 4 000 gram) (8.3% vs 2.9%), male babies (53.9% vs 51.4%), BMI of mother (> 24) (8.8% vs 4.8%), cephalopelvic disproportion (21.1% vs 0.9%), intrauterine asphysia (20.3% vs 6.7%), abnormality of force of labor (4.2% vs 2.7%), prolonged labor (2.9% vs 1.0%) and placenta previa (1.4% vs 0.4%). Our study also indicated that the higher the educational level was, the higher the rate of CS appeared; and the older the pregnant women was, the higher the rate of CS was. In CS group, over 70% primipara were over 24 years, and over 20% primipara had cephalopelvic disproportion and over 20% had intrauterine asphysia in CS group.

CONCLUSIONSAt present, the occurrence rate of cesarean section was rather high (45.6%) in China. The high rate of CS was more likely to associate not only with abnormal physiological/medical factors (eg. cephalopelvic disproportion, intrauterine asphysia, abnormality of force of labor, and prolonged labour, etc.), but also with some demographic factors as education, occupation, income and age, etc. It is necessary to take measures to reduce the unnecessary CS in China.

Adult ; Cesarean Section ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Pregnancy

Objective To understand the current status and change trend of violence against children in China and provide evidence for the risk factor and intervention priority identifications and intervention strategy development.Methods The data of National Injury Surveillance System (NISS) from 2006 to 2015 were used to analyze the change in outpatient visit due to violence against children,injury cases' demographic characteristics,incidence of injury and clinical outcomes of injury cases.Results A total of 44 319 injury cases caused by violence against children were reported through NISS during this period.The proportion of violence related child injury cases in total child injury cases decreased year by year.In child violence cases reported in 2015,boys accounted for 81.31％,the boy to girl ratio was 2.22 ∶ 1.Violence related injuries caused by blunt strike accounted for 65.69％.The incidences of child violence were low in February and during July-August and 48.87％ of violence related injuries occurred in schools and public places,bruise accounted for 63.52％.The main injured body part caused by child violence was head (51.18％),and most violence caused injuries (82.66％)were mild,while 83.21％ of the injury cases went home after treatment.Conclusions Violence against children should not be ignored.Male students of middle/high schools are at high risk.Schools are the places where violence against children is prone to occur.Health and safety education should be strengthened to prevent the occurrence of campus violence and improve the child' s awareness of self-protection and reduce the incidence of serious violence.

Taking lipophagy as the breakthrough point, we explored the mechanism of Zexie Decoction(ZXD) in improving lipid metabolism in the hepatocyte model induced by palmitic acid(PA) and in the animal model induced by high-fat diet(HFD) on the basis of protein kinase B(Akt)/transcription factor EB(TFEB) signaling pathway. Co-localization was carried out for the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3) plasmid labeled with green fluorescent protein(GFP) and lipid droplets(LDs), and immunofluorescence co-localization for liver LC3 of HFD mice and perilipin 2(PLIN2). The results showed that ZXD up-regulated the expression of LC3, reduced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, and increased the co-localization of LC3 and LDs, thereby activating lipo-phagy. Western blot results confirmed that ZXD increased autophagy-related protein LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ transformation ratio and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2(LAMP2) in vivo and in vitro and promoted the degradation of sequestosome-1(SQSTM1/p62)(P<0.05). The results above jointly explained that ZXD regulated lipophagy. Furthermore, ZXD activated TFEB expression(P<0.05) and reversed the PA-and HFD-induced decrease of TFEB nuclear localization in hepatocytes(P<0.05). Meanwhile, ZXD activated liver TFEB to up-regulate the expression of the targets Lamp2, Lc3 B, Bcl2, and Atg5(P<0.05). Additionally, ZXD down-regulated the protein level of p-Akt upstream of TFEB in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, ZXD may promote lipophagy by regulating the Akt/TFEB pathway.
Animals ; Mice ; Autophagy/drug effects* ; Hepatocytes/metabolism* ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology*

The present study investigated the pharmaceutical effect and underlying mechanism of Zexie Decoction(ZXD) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in vitro and in vivo via the LKB1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway based on palmitic acid(PA)-induced lipid accumulation model and high-fat diet(HFD)-induced NAFLD model in mice. As revealed by the MTT assay, ZXD had no effect on HepG2 activity, but dose-dependently down-regulated alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) in the liver cell medium induced by PA, and decreased the plasma levels of ALT and AST, and total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride(TG) levels in the liver. Nile red staining showed PA-induced intracellular lipid accumulation, significantly increased lipid accumulation of hepatocytes induced by PA, suggesting that the lipid accumulation model in vitro was properly induced. ZXD could effectively improve the lipid accumulation of hepatocytes induced by PA. Oil red O staining also demonstrated that ZXD improved the lipid accumulation in the liver of HFD mice. JC-1 staining for mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that ZXD effectively reversed the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential caused by hepatocyte injury induced by PA, activated PGC-1α, and up-regulated the expression of its target genes, such as ACADS, CPT-1α, CPT-1β, UCP-1, ACSL-1, and NRF-1. In addition, as revealed by the Western blot and immunohistochemistry, ZXD up-regulated the protein expression levels of LKB1, p-AMPK, p-ACC, and PGC-1α in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, ZXD can improve NAFLD and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the LKB1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; Alanine Transaminase/metabolism* ; Animals ; Diet, High-Fat ; Liver/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/genetics* ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death in the world. With the improvement of clinical therapy, the mortality of acute MI has been significantly reduced. However, as for the long-term impact of MI on cardiac remodeling and cardiac function, there is no effective prevention and treatment measures. Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein cytokine essential to hematopoiesis, has anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenetic effects. Studies have shown that EPO plays a protective role in cardiomyocytes in cardiovascular diseases, such as cardiac ischemia injury and heart failure. EPO has been demonstrated to protect ischemic myocardium and improve MI repair by promoting the activation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). This study aimed to investigate whether EPO can promote MI repair by enhancing the activity of stem cell antigen 1 positive stem cells (Sca-1⁺ SCs). Darbepoetin alpha (a long-acting EPO analog, EPO_anlg) was injected into the border zone of MI in adult mice. Infarct size, cardiac remodeling and performance, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and microvessel density were measured. Lin^- Sca-1⁺ SCs were isolated from neonatal and adult mouse hearts by magnetic sorting technology, and were used to identify the colony forming ability and the effect of EPO, respectively. The results showed that, compared to MI alone, EPO_anlg reduced the infarct percentage, cardiomyocyte apoptosis ratio and left ventricular (LV) chamber dilatation, improved cardiac performance, and increased the numbers of coronary microvessels in vivo. In vitro, EPO increased the proliferation, migration and clone formation of Lin^- Sca-1⁺ SCs likely via the EPO receptor and downstream STAT-5/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. These results suggest that EPO participates in the repair process of MI by activating Sca-1⁺ SCs.
Animals ; Mice ; Ventricular Remodeling ; Erythropoietin ; Myocardial Infarction ; Heart ; Stem Cells

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) and its risk factors in very preterm infants (VPIs) during hospitalization in China. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study was performed on the medical data of 2 514 VPIs who were hospitalized in the department of neonatology in 28 hospitals from 7 areas of China between September 2019 and December 2020. According to the presence or absence of EUGR based on the evaluation of body weight at the corrected gestational age of 36 weeks or at discharge, the VPIs were classified to two groups: EUGR group (n=1 189) and non-EUGR (n=1 325). The clinical features were compared between the two groups, and the incidence of EUGR and risk factors for EUGR were examined. RESULTS: The incidence of EUGR was 47.30% (1 189/2 514) evaluated by weight. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher weight growth velocity after regaining birth weight and higher cumulative calorie intake during the first week of hospitalization were protective factors against EUGR (P<0.05), while small-for-gestational-age birth, prolonged time to the initiation of total enteral feeding, prolonged cumulative fasting time, lower breast milk intake before starting human milk fortifiers, prolonged time to the initiation of full fortified feeding, and moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia were risk factors for EUGR (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is crucial to reduce the incidence of EUGR by achieving total enteral feeding as early as possible, strengthening breastfeeding, increasing calorie intake in the first week after birth, improving the velocity of weight gain, and preventing moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in VPIs.
Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Gestational Age ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors