Animals ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; immunology ; Equine Infectious Anemia ; immunology ; virology ; Horses ; Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine ; immunology ; physiology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology ; physiology

To elucidate the function of the S2 gene in equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and its role in the attenuation of the Chinese attenuated EIAV vaccine strains, the S2 in the EIAV vaccine strain EIAV (FDDV) was reverse-mutated and the in vitro replication character of the resultant virus was evaluated. Based on the sequence variation of the S2 gene between the EIAV virulent strains and vaccine strains, all the four vaccine-specific sites in the S2 of an EIAV(FDDV) infectious clone, pFDDV3-8, were reverse-mutated to the sequences of the virulent strain EIAV(DV115). The reverse-mutated molecular clone pFDDVS2r1-3-4-5 was used to transfect fetal donkey dermal (FDD) cells for rescuing the derived virus vpFDDVS2r1-3-4-5. The production and replication of vpFDDVS2r1-3-4-5 in FDD cells were proved by RT-PCR, immune fluorescence assay and reverse transcriptase activity assay. Typical virons of EIAV were clearly observed under the electron microscopy. The parallel analysis of the dynamic replication of the reverse-mutated viral clone vpFDDVS2r1-3-4-5 and its parental virus vpFDDV3-8 showed that the virus with four reverse mutations in the S2 replicated only slightly slower than its parental vaccine strain in FDD cells. This result implicates that the mutations in the S2 of the EIAV vaccine strains did not significantly alter the viral replication in vitro. Further studies on the in vivo replication of the reverse-mutated viral clone are required for understanding the relationship between the S2 and the attenuated pathogenesis of EIAV attenuated vaccines.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Genetic Engineering ; Haplorhini ; Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine ; genetics ; physiology ; Mutation ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; Virus Replication

BACKGROUNDMembrane protein GP90 of China equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine strain (DLV) and its parental wild type LN strain were expressed with Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system and BALB/c mice were inoculated with purified protein, thereby to explore the availability of protein for differential diagnosis and potential for preparing genetically engineered vaccine.

METHODSThe authors infected donkey PBMC culture with China EIAV vaccine strain (DLV) and its parental wild type LN strain, extracted its proviral DNA as template, amplified the GP90 of DLV and LN, respectively, and expressed with Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The sf9 insect cells were infected with the recombinant baculovirus and the expressed proteins were purified by IMAC. BALB/c mice were inoculated with purified protein. The specific binding Abs generated in the immunized mice were determined by ELISA method. The neutralizing assay was set up to determine the neutralizing capability of the antigens generated in immunized animals.

RESULTSThe recombinant virus expressing viral antigens was determined by Western blot. The expressed proteins were purified by IMAC resulting in the protein purity of 87%(DLV) and 82%(LN), respectively. The antibody titer of the groups with and without adjuvant was 1 600 and 800, respectively. Serial 2 fold dilutions of the immunized mice sera were reacted with 100 TCID50 of EIAV. The end point of immunization assay was to protect 50% cells form CPE caused by EIAV in donkey skin cells. The neutralizing antibody titer was in the range 40 to 80 from animal immunized with and without adjuvant.

CONCLUSIONSMembrane proteins of EIAV vaccine strain and wild type strain were successfully expressed in eukaryotic cell expression system according to the scheduled plan. The proteins showed strong immunogenicity and could activate animals to produce anti-EIAV specific antibody including neutralizing antibody to EIAV.

Animals ; Baculoviridae ; genetics ; Equine Infectious Anemia ; virology ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors ; Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine ; genetics ; immunology ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology

The threshold hypothesis of attenuated lentiviral vaccine considers that the type of host response to infections of lentiviruses depends on the viral load. To evaluate the correlation between viral loads of the attenuated vaccine strain of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and their effects to induce protective immunity, longitudinal plasma viral loads in groups of horses inoculated with either an attenuated EIAV vaccine strain (EIAV(DLV125)) or sub-lethal dose of an EIAV virulent strain (EIAV(LN40)) were compared. Similar levels of plasma viral loads ranging from 10(3)-10(5) copies/mL were detected from samples of these two groups of animals (P > 0.05) during 23 weeks post the inoculation. However, different responses to the challenge performed thereafter with lethal dose of the EIAV virulent strain were observed from the groups of horses inoculated with either EIAV(DLV125) or sub-lethal dose of EIAV(LN40). The protective efficiency was 67% (3 of 4 cases) and 0 (none of 2 cases), respectively. Our results implicate that the viral load of EIAV attenuated vaccine is not the primary factor, or at least not the solo primary factor, to determine the establishment of immune protection.
Animals ; Equine Infectious Anemia ; blood ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Horses ; Immunization ; methods ; Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine ; immunology ; pathogenicity ; RNA, Viral ; blood ; genetics ; Random Allocation ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time Factors ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; administration & dosage ; immunology ; Viral Load ; Viral Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; immunology ; Virulence ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo develop a safe and effective lentivirus vaccine model and provide insights into the development of other lentivirus vaccines.

METHODSIn this study, a construct of pGPT was made by deleting env gene in the infectious Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) molecular clone of WU57. Since the overlaping of EIAV Rev gene with env gene, there was no Rev gene in the construct of pGPT. For compensation of Rev function, the construct of pGPTC was made by inserting 4 copies of constitutive RNA transport elements (CTEs) from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus into the construct of pGPT. In addition, a construct designated pTEB expressing EIAV Env protein was made while env gene-minus viruses were made by co-transfection of pGPT/pTEB or pGPTC/pTEB into 293 cells. Western blot was used to identify the development of recombinant virus particles. Then immunofluorescence assay was used to evaluate the infectivity of recombinant virus particles in vitro.

RESULTSEIAV proteins expression was detected in the supernatant of transfected 293 cells by Western blot within pGPTC/pTEB transfected cells. However, no evidence of EIAV proteins expression was observed within pGPT/pTEB transfected cells. EIAV proteins expression was detected in the first round but not in the second round infected EK cells with EIAV(GPTC) by immunofluorescence assay.

CONCLUSIONRev/RRE was necessary for expression of viral structural proteins; CTEs from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus was functionally interchangeable with EIAV Rev/RRE to help RNAs transportation out of nucleus to express structural proteins and EIAV particles were produced in the transfected 293 cells. A live EIAV recombinant virus with single round infection had been developed.

Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cells, Cultured ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Genes, rev ; Haplorhini ; Horses ; Humans ; Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine ; genetics ; Lentivirus ; immunology ; Lentivirus Infections ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Mason-Pfizer monkey virus ; genetics ; Transfection ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology

Our previous studies found that the Chinese attenuated EIAV vaccine was composed of a pool of quasispecies, which showed a complicated diversity called "multi-species". Further determining the viral composition of these species in the vaccine should improve the identification of predominant viruses in the vaccine and facilitate the analysis of in vivo evolution of EIAV and the vaccine. In this study, the comparison of fidelities in amplifying and sequencing the V3 to V5 fragment of EIAV envelope gp90 gene by either a single-genome amplification (SGA) approach or the traditional RT-PCR (bulk PCR) was performed. Results revealed that the diversities were 1.84% and 1.88% for SGA- and bulk PCR-derived sequences, respectively. Futher analysis revealed that beside the sequences highly homologous to those derived by the bulk PCR, nine of 73 sequences derived by SGA contained a deduced amino acid domain that was identical to the corresponding domain in the virulent strain LN40. In addition, sequences with deletion of one predicted amino acid residual was detected by using SGA The presence of these less populated sequences provided additional evidence for the "multi-species" hypothesis for the action mechanism of the EIAV vaccine. Furthermore, based on the analysis of sampling bias, Our results that the difference in copy number of each viral specie in the pool of quasispecies resulted in the inefficiency to amplify viral sequences that were in low population by bulk PCR. Therefore, the sequences amplified by bulk PCR could not correctly represent the composition of quasispecies. As an approach based on the amplification and sequencing single isolated genome, SGA significantly improved the weakness of bulk PCR and appeared its advantage in analysis of EIAV genome composition with high variety.
Calibration ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; genetics ; Genome, Viral ; genetics ; Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine ; immunology ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis ; methods ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; genetics ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics

The donkey leukocyte-attenuated vaccine of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was the first lentiviral vaccine that induced solid protection from the infection of virulent strains. To elucidate the mechanism of increased immunogenicity and attenuated virulence of the vaccine, the proviral genomic DNA of an EIAV vaccine strain, EIAV(DLV121) was analyzed and compared with the genome of a parental virulent strain EIAV(DV117). Full length viral genomic DNAs were amplified as two segments by LA-PCR and were cloned. Because of the genomic diversity of retroviral quasispecies, 10 full-length sequences of EIAV(DLV121) and 4 full-length sequences of EIAV(DV117) from randomly picked clones were analyzed. Results showed that the average length of the complete nucleotide sequence of EIAV(DLV121) was 8,236bp and EIAV(DV117) was 8,249bp, with the inter-strain diversity of 2.8%. As for individual genes between the vaccine and virulent strains, the differences in nucleotide sequence of S2, LTR and env were significantly higher than the other genes with the diversity of 4.1%, 3.7% and 3.1%, respectively. Considerable variations in deduced amino acid sequences were found in S2, S3 and env. The diversities were 10.4%, 5.6% and 4.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the LTR of EIAV(DLV121) consisted of at least 5 subtypes grouped by their nucleotide sequences. There were two additional N-linked glycosylation sites in the deduced amino acid sequence of EIAV(DV117) gp90 than that of EIAV(DLV121). Among glycosylation sites in the gp90 of virulent strain, 3 were found unique only in EIAV(DV117), of which 2 were located in the principle neutralizing domain (PND). In addition, there was one EIAV(DLV121) -specific glycosylation site, which was positioned in the PND, too. Taken together, it is clear that greatly increased genomic diversity exists in the EIAV vaccine strain, which provides important information for the further study on biological characters of the Chinese EIAV attenuated vaccine.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Equidae ; Genome, Viral ; Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Leukocytes ; immunology ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Alignment ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Virulence