No abstract available.
Epinephrine*

No abstract available.
Epinephrine*

Pheochromocytoma is usually associated with a combination of various clinical manifestations caused by the overproduction of catecholamines. It is frequently accompanied by impaired glucose tolerance operating through 2-and-adrenergic mechanisms. A 41-year-old-woman was admitted to the hospital because of poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus and hypertension. She had suffered intermittent paroxysmal attacks of headache and chest discomfort and had been treated intermittently over a 2 year period for diabetes mellitus and hypertension. At admission, the levels of serum epinephrine, norepinephrine urinary excretion of total metanephrine, and VMA were all abnormally elevated. Adrenal CT showed a well-defined, homogenous mass in the right adrenal region and the tumor was diagnosed as pheochromocytoma. After tumor resection, the increased blood level of catecholamines, the urinary excretion of total metanephrine, and VMA were normalized, as was the hyperglycemia state. Diabetes mellitus of the patient was considered permanently resolved after tumor removal by the result of glucose tolerance in 75g oral glucose tolerance test.
Catecholamines ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Epinephrine ; Glucose ; Glucose Intolerance ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Headache ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypertension ; Metanephrine ; Norepinephrine ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Thorax

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Chu-ma therapy and to suggest that the therapy is an effective nursing intervention tool to reduce blood pressure. The research design employed was the non-synchronized research method with non- equivalent control group. A total of 30 people with essential hypertension, who were from forty to sixty five years old, participated in the study. The Chu-ma therapy was administered by every day for ten or fifteen minutes for eight weeks from 19, April to 13, June in 1999. In order to evaluate the effects of Chu-ma therapy, blood pressure of the two groups were measured once a week, and physiological parameters (epinephrine, norepinephrine, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides) were measured before and after the treatment. Collected data was analyzed by SAS package. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) There were significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the experimental group. 2) There were no significant changes in epinephrine, norepinephrine of the two groups. 3) There were significant decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides, and HDL- cholesterol increased significantly in the experimental group. 4) The effect of Chu-ma therapy on the measured time on the blood pressure in experimental group was as follows: Both of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased after 5weeks. The result proved that Chu-ma therapy is an effective nursing intervention tool for clients with essential hypertenion. However further research is still necessary to compare the effect with the different periods and number of times for Chu-ma therapy.
Blood Pressure* ; Cholesterol ; Epinephrine ; Hypertension* ; Norepinephrine ; Nursing ; Research Design ; Triglycerides

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of the SP-6 acupressure on dysmenorrhea, and level of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the college students. METHOD: Data were collected from May 1 to August 31, 2002. A total of 58 students from two universities participated in the study. Both groups were pretested before the intervention for three variables, the intensity of dysmenorrhea, level of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Then, SP-6 acupressure was provided for 20 minutes for students in the experimental group. The instruments used in this study included the Visual Analogue Scale developed by Johnson(1974), Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire Scale developed by Brooks-Gunn & Ruble(1980), and Stress scale developed by Cheun and Kim(1990). RESULT: There were statistically significant differences in the intensity of dysmenorrhea at the time immediately after, 30minutes after, one hour after, and two hours after the intervention. The experimental group had a lower intensity than the control group. There was a statistically significant difference in level of norepinephrine at the time 30minutes after the intervention with the experimental group. CONCLUSION: The SP-6 acupressure reduced the subjective perception of dysmenorrhea and the levels of norepinephrine. It was found out that the lasting period of 20 minutes of the SP-6 acupressure was two hours for college students.
Acupressure* ; Dysmenorrhea* ; Epinephrine* ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone* ; Methods ; Norepinephrine*

The coexistence of extraadrenal pheochromocytoma and renal artery stenosis is extremely rare. The mechanisms of renal artery stenosis with pheochromocytoma include direct compression of the tumor mass on the renal artery and catecholamine-induced vasospasm, fibromuscular hyperplasia, and fibrous adhesion. We report a rare case of renal artery stenosis caused by extraadrenal pheochromocytoma in a 29- year-old female. She was admitted to the hospital because of palpitation and headache. She had been treated for hypertension for 2 years. On admission, her plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were elevated as were her plasma renin activity, urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and metanephrine levels. Through the use of abdominal computed tomography, 131I-MIBG scan, and renal arteriography, a mass was found in the hilus of the left kidney which affected left renal artery stenosis. Surgical removal of the mass and left kidney restored the catecholamine excretion, plasma renin activity, and blood pressure to normal. Electronmicroscopic examination of the mass confirmed the pheochromocytoma.
Angiography ; Blood Pressure ; Epinephrine ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension ; Kidney ; Metanephrine ; Norepinephrine ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Plasma ; Renal Artery Obstruction* ; Renal Artery* ; Renin ; Vanilmandelic Acid

BACKGROUND: We evaluated bispectral index (BIS) and hemodynamic and catecholamine responses to induction and intubation at different effect site concentrations during the target-effect site-controlled infusion of propofol with fentanyl coadministration. METHODS: Thirty patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to two groups. Anesthesia was induced using the target-effect site-controlled infusion of propofol at different effect site concentrations (Group I: 3.0microgram/ml, Group II: 3.5microgram/ml) following bolus injection of fentanyl (2microgram/kg). We measured BIS and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures, heart rate, epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) 5 min before induction, at loss of consciousness, just before intubation, immediately after intubation, and 1, 2, and 3 minutes after intubation. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in hemodynamic or catecholamine responses to induction or intubation between the two groups. In both groups, hemodynamic changes to induction and intubation were within 30% and 20% of pre-induction levels, respectively, and catecholamine responses significantly decreased or did not change versus pre-induction levels. But in group II, the dose of propofol administered was significantly more than in group I, and BIS levels immediately before and after intubation were below 40. CONCLUSIONS: With fentanyl coadministration of 2microgram/kg, targeting 3.0microgram/ml as an effect site concentration of propofol during target-effect site-controlled infusion is better than targeting 3.5microgram/ml, because targeting the latter produced too low a BIS and too much propofol administration, although both targeted values produced similar hemodynamic and catecholamine responses.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Arterial Pressure ; Epinephrine ; Fentanyl* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Intubation* ; Norepinephrine ; Propofol* ; Unconsciousness

The author investigated the effect of adrenergic and adrenergic blocking agents on the phosphorylase activity of bovine extraocular muscle in vitro and obtained the following results: 1. The phosphorylase a activity of bovine extraocular muscle was revealed 53.6% in vitro. 2. The phosphorylase a activity of bovine extraocular muscle was slightly enhanced by the adrenergic agents such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol. 3. The phosphorylase a activity of bovine extraocular muscle was not affected by the adrenergic areceptor blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine but slightly inhibited by the adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent, propranolol. 4. The phosphorylase a activity of bovine extraocular muscle previously treated with the adrenergic agents was blocked by a sole administration of propranolol or combined administrations of propranolol and phenoxybenzamine but not blocked by phenoxybenzamine alene.
Adrenergic Agents ; Adrenergic Antagonists* ; Epinephrine ; Isoproterenol ; Muscles* ; Norepinephrine ; Phenoxybenzamine ; Phosphorylase a ; Propranolol

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system in mediating the stress response attends traumatic brain injury. Plasma dopamine(DA), epinephrine(E), norepinephrine(NE) levels were measured in 26 severe traumatically brain injured patients to determine whether catecholamine levels obtained within 24 hours after injury provide reliable prognostic endogenous markers of outcome. Patient outcome was determine at 1 week using the Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) and at the time of discharge the Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS), 7 patients with diseases except those with a severe traumatic brain injury were selected as a control group. Firstly, we analyzed the difference of the average DA, E, and NE between the control group and severe traumatic brain injury patients. Secondly, we analyzed the difference of the average catecholamine levels in the 3 groups according to admission GCS scores(respectively 3~4, 5~7, 8~9). Third, we analyzed the difference of the average catecholamine levels in the 5 groups according to GOS scores at 1 week(respectively dead, 3~4, 5~7, 8~11, >11). Finally, we analyzed the difference of the average catecholamine levels in the 5 groups according to GOS at the time of discharge. As a result, there was no statical difference between the level of DA in the control group and those of the severe brain injury patients. But the level of E an NE in the experimental group were higher than the control group(respectively p<0.03, p<0.04). The admission GCS score correlated highly with the catecholamine levels(NE : r=0.69, p<0.001 ; E ; r=0.42, p<0.03 ; DA ; r=0.42, p<0.03). In patients with admission GCS of 3 to 4, NE levels increaed fourfold above other group(p<0.005). In the 13 patients with GCS scores of 3 or 4 on admission. NE levels predicted outcome at 1 week. All two patients with NE levels less then 750 pg/ml were survived, while 10 of 11 with NE levels greater than 750 pg/ml were died(p<0.02). The levels of NE was significantly higher in patients who died than in those with better outcome(p<0.02). Therefore, these findings indicated that the level of circulating NE is an excellent endogenous marker that appear to reflect the extent of brain injury and that may predict the likelihood of recovery.
Brain ; Brain Injuries* ; Coma ; Dopamine ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Negotiating ; Norepinephrine ; Plasma* ; Prognosis* ; Sympathetic Nervous System

Acute stroke has been associated with a variety of cardiac abnormalities. Data derived from EGC monitoring have suggested that cardiac arrhythmia may be more common in stroke patient. Acute stroke such as cerebral infarction has been reported to increase serum cardiac enzyme and histologic changes, focal myocardial myocytolysis. Also, plasma norepinephrine was significantly elevated in a group of stroke patients compared with non-stroke control. These observations led to the hypothesis that acute stroke may increase sympathetic activity with resultant electrocardiographic abnormalities and myocardial cell necrosis. In order to test this hypothesis, we evaluated 24 acute stroke patients for several cardiac parameter including arrythmias defected by 24 hour Holter monitoring, serum cardiac enzymes such as CK, LDH, SGOT and plasma catecholamine values. Similar studies were also performed in 15 control subjects matched with stroke patients for age. The result were as follows; 1) Arrhythmias such as VPB, SVPB in the acute stroke group were more common than in the non-stroke group. VPB(209+/-61/24hr, P<0.005) SVPB(232+/-54/24hr, P<0.005). 2) Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine and CK was significantly elevated in a group of stroke patients compared with non-stroke controls. norepinephrine(715.3+/-93.8 pg/ml, P<0.005) epinephrine(346.1+/-63.1 pg/ml, P<0.005). 3) Stroke patients with abnormal serum CK values(above 80 IU/L) had a higher(P<0.05) mean norepinephrine concentration(776.6+/-142.0 pg/ml) than remaining stroke patients(406.3+/-101.7 pg/ml). 4) Stroke patients with high plasma norepinephrine did not exhibit an increase in cardiac arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Cerebral Infarction ; Electrocardiography ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Norepinephrine ; Plasma* ; Stroke*