Lectins are glycoproteins of plant and animal origin that have the ability to bind specific carbohydrate residues of cell glycoconjugates, particularly in terminal positions. In this study, the binding of lectins, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), Bandeiraea simplicifolia BS-1 (isolectin B4), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), and Ulex europaeus (UEA-I), was studied in the reproductive systems of male thoroughbred horses.DBA was detected in the stereocilia of the caput and corpus epididymis, and in the vas deferens. It was weakly detected in connective tissue of the corpus epididymis. Strong SBA staining was seen in epithelial cells in the testis, stereocilia of the corpus and cauda epididymis, and in the vas deferens. There were intense positive reactions for isolectin B4 in interstitial cells in all tissue and serosa of the vas deferens. PNA staining was seen only in stereocilia in the caput and corpus epididymis, and in the vas deferens. Strong WGA staining was seen throughout the testis, except in Sertoli cells, stereocilia, and connective tissue. UEA-I was detected in secondary spermatids, stereocilia, and epithelial cells of the cauda epididymis.These results show that degenerating cells in the testis, epididymal tubules, and vas deferens have differential affinities for lectins, and suggest that lectins play a role in the reproductive system of the horse. The heterogeneity of the lectin staining pattern in the reproductive tubules of adult horses suggests that the carbohydrate composition of each cell type is region specific.
Animals ; Epididymis/cytology/*metabolism ; Horses/*metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Lectins/*metabolism ; Male ; Testis/cytology/*metabolism ; Vas Deferens/cytology/*metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in the diagnosis and treatment of azoospermia.

METHODSWe examined 385 azoospermia patients using the techniques of PESA and TESE.

RESULTSOf the total number of the azoospermia patients, 64 (16.62%) had sperm in the epididymis and 45 (11.69%) in the testis. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was applied to 64 of the patients with sperm in the epididymis or testis. The pregnancy rate after the embryo transfer was 39.07%.

CONCLUSIONPESA and TESE, as an effective therapy for azoospermia, can further the classification of azoospermia and provide chances of procreation to azoospermia patients with partial obstruction.

Adult ; Azoospermia ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Cell Separation ; methods ; Epididymis ; cytology ; Humans ; Male ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; methods ; Testis ; cytology ; Treatment Outcome

AIMTo manage male infertility with obstructive azoospermia by means of percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and intrauterine insemination (IUI).

METHODSNinety azoospermic patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (BAVD, n=58) or bilateral caudal epididymal obstruction (BCEO, n=32) requesting for fine needle aspiration (FNA), PESA and IUI were recruited. The obstruction was diagnosed by vasography and determination of the fructose, carnitine and alpha-glucosidase levels in the seminal fluid.

RESULTSThe mean sperm motility, density, abnormal sperm and total sperm count of the caput epdidymis were 16 %+/-22 %, (12+/-31) x 10(6)/mL, 55 %+/-36 % and (16+/-14) x 10(6), respectively. In the 90 couples, a total of 74 PESA procedures and 66 cycles of IUI were performed. Three pregnancies resulted, including one twin pregnancy giving birth to two healthy boys, one single pregnancy with a healthy girl and another single pregnancy aborted at week 6 of conception. The pregnancy rate per IUI cycle was 4.5 %.

CONCLUSIONThe birth of normal, healthy infants by IUI using PESA indicates that the caput epididymal sperm possess fertilization capacity. The PESA-IUI programme is a practical and economical procedure for the management of patients with obstructive azoospermia.

Adult ; Biopsy, Needle ; Epididymis ; cytology ; Female ; Humans ; Insemination, Artificial ; methods ; Male ; Oligospermia ; therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Spermatozoa ; cytology

This is a retrospective cohort study comparing blastocyst transfer outcomes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection utilizing epididymal versus testicular sperm for men with obstructive azoospermia. All cases at a single center between 2012 and 2016 were included. Operative approach was selected at the surgeon's discretion and included microepididymal sperm aspiration or testicular sperm extraction. Blastocyst culture was exclusively utilized prior to transfer. The primary outcome was live birth rate. Secondary outcomes included fertilization rate, blastulation rate, euploidy rate, and implantation rate. A mixed effects model was performed. Seventy-six microepididymal sperm aspiration cases and 93 testicular sperm extraction cases were analyzed. The live birth rate was equivalent (48.6% vs 50.5%, P = 0.77). However, on mixed effects model, epididymal sperm resulted in a greater likelihood of fertilization (adjusted OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05-1.81, P = 0.02) and produced a higher blastulation rate (adjusted OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.1-1.85, P = 0.01). As a result, the epididymal sperm group had more supernumerary blastocysts available (4.3 vs 3, P < 0.05). The euploidy rate was no different. Pregnancy rates were no different through the first transfer cycle. However, intracytoplasmic sperm injection following microepididymal sperm aspiration resulted in a greater number of usable blastocysts per patient. Thus, the true benefit of epididymal sperm may only be demonstrated via a comparison of cumulative pregnancy rates after multiple transfers from one cohort.
Adult ; Azoospermia ; Embryo Implantation ; Embryo Transfer ; Epididymis/cytology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic/methods* ; Sperm Retrieval ; Spermatozoa/cytology* ; Testis/cytology*

To determine the direct effect of leptin on adipose tissue apoptosis in vitro using rat adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), we isolated the ADSCs of rat epididymis adipose tissue by collagenase digestion, filtration, and subsequent centrifugation. Cell cultures with or without leptin (10(-9) mol/L, 10(-8) mol/L, 10(-7) mol/L and 10(-6) mol/L) were incubated for different time. We examined the cell surface phenotype by immunofluorescence and detected the apoptosis morphological changes of ADSCs by laser scanning confocal microscope (LCSM). The number of apoptotic cells was determined by flow cytometry assay after annexin V binding and PI staining. Caspase-3 activity was measured by spectrofluorometry. The present study demonstrates that leptin treatment causes a marked increase in adipose-derived stem cell apoptosis. With the LCSM, after being treated with leptin, ADSCs showed the typical characteristic of apoptosis. Leptin in used concentrations (0 mol/L, 10(-8) mol/L, 10(-7) mol/L, 10(-6) mol/L) caused a marked increase in cell apoptosis after 48 h incubation time (for 2.50% +/- 0.72%, 6.78% +/- 1.99%, 11.99% +/- 1.58% and 17.93% +/- 4.82%, respectively, P < 0.05). Caspase-3 activity increased and reached a maximal level after 48 h in a linear fashion. The effect of leptin was dose-dependent and time-dependent. Leptin has been demonstrated to induce preadipocyte and adipocyte apoptosis, and today we demonstrate that leptin can induce ADSCs apoptosis, which can contribute to the decrease of adiposity. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the direct peripheral effect of leptin on ADSCs.
Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Epididymis ; cytology ; Leptin ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo compare the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with retrieved epididymal and testicular sperm for obstructive azoospermia and with ejaculated sperm for severe oligozoospermia and asthenospermia.

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed 431 ICSI cycles, which were divided according to sperm sources into Groups A (n=287 in patients with severe oligozoospermia or asthenospermia using ejaculated sperm), B (n=109 in obstructive azoospermia patients with sperm retrieved by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration, PESA) and C (n=35 in obstructive azoospermia patients with sperm retrieved by testicular sperm extraction, TESE). Comparisons were made among the three groups in the rates of embryo implantation, fertilization, pregnancy, cleavage, and miscarriage.

RESULTSGroup A showed statistically significant differences from Groups B and C in the rates of embryo implantation and pregnancy (18.46% vs. 25.23% and 28.76%, 31.23% vs. 42.16% and 39.39%, P < 0.05). But no significant differences were seen in the rates of fertilization, cleavage and miscarriage among the three groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe rates of embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy are higher in patients with obstructive azoospermia than in those with severe oligozoospermia or asthenospermia after ICSI with ejaculated sperm.

Azoospermia ; therapy ; Epididymis ; cytology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Oligospermia ; therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Retrospective Studies ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; methods ; Spermatozoa ; Testis ; cytology ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo explore the reductive effect of ornidazole on sperm motility in rats and its mechanism of action.

METHODSTwenty rats were randomly divided into three groups, a low dosage group (LD group, n = 5), a high dosage group (HD group, n = 8) and a normal control group (n = 7). Ornidazole (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) was given to the LD and HD groups, and 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) administered to the normal control, all for 20 consecutive days. Immediately after, sperm density, motility and the morphological changes of the testis and epidiclymis were measured, and the concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-glycosidase, malondialdehyde (MDA) and fructose in the testis and epididymis tissues were monitored.

RESULTSCompared with the normal control, there were no obvious changes in sperm density (P > 0.05), but a significant decrease in sperm motility in the LD and HD groups (P < 0.01), and the concentration of LDH obviously declined (P < 0.01) while that of MDA distinctly increased in the HD group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSpermatogenic cells could be damaged by the increase of inhibiting MDA, while sperm motility could be decreased by inhibiting energetic transferase or non-protein substance in the epididymis. This might be one of the mechanisms of ornidazole on weak sperm models in rats.

Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Epididymis ; cytology ; Male ; Ornidazole ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sperm Count ; Sperm Motility ; drug effects ; Spermatozoa ; drug effects ; Testis ; cytology

AIMTo characterize mouse capping protein alpha3 (CPalpha3) during spermatogenesis and sperm maturation.

METHODSWe produced rat anti-CPalpha3 antiserum and examined the expression of CPalpha3 in various mouse tissues using Western blot analysis and the localization of CPalpha3 in testicular and epididymal sperm using immunohistochemical analyses. We also examined how the localization of CPalpha3 and beta-actin (ACTB) in sperm changed after the acrosomal reaction by performing immunohistochemical analyses using anti-CPalpha3 antiserum and anti-actin antibody.

RESULTSWestern blot analysis using specific antiserum revealed that CPalpha3 was expressed specifically in testes. Interestingly, the molecular weight of CPalpha3 changed during sperm maturation in the epididymis. Furthermore, the subcellular localization of CPalpha3 in sperm changed dynamically from the flagellum to the post-acrosomal region of the head during epididymal maturation. The distribution of ACTB was in the post-acrosomal region of the head and the flagellum. After inducing the acrosomal reaction, the CPalpha3 and ACTB localization was virtually identical to the localization before the acrosomal reaction.

CONCLUSIONCPalpha3 might play an important role in sperm morphogenesis and/or sperm function.

Acrosome Reaction ; physiology ; Actins ; metabolism ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; CapZ Actin Capping Protein ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Epididymis ; cytology ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Sperm Head ; metabolism ; Sperm Tail ; metabolism ; Spermatogenesis ; physiology ; Spermatozoa ; cytology ; metabolism ; Testis ; cytology ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of sperm source and sperm parameters on the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). METHODS: This retrospective study included 433 ICSI cycles from June 2005 to December 2008 in Reproductive Medical Center of Xiangya Hospital. The patients were divided into 2 major groups according to the source of spermatozoa used for ICSI: ejaculated (group A, n=336) and epididymal (group B, n=97). Group A was divided into 3 subgroups according to the sperm parameters: normal (Group A1, n=95), single parameter defect (Group A2, n=119), and multiple parameter defect (Group A3, n=122). RESULTS: The basic characteristics among the 4 groups had no statistic difference (P>0.05), and the difference in the fertilization rate, normal fertilization rate, cleaving embryo rate,good quality embryo rate, implanted rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and early abortion rate among the 4 groups were not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The outcome is similar no matter whether the spermatozoa is from ejaculated sperm or epididymis. ICSI can treat male infertility of various factors, and the outcome is the same with one or multiple sperm parameter abnormality. ICSI with epididymal spermatozoa through percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration is effective for infertility due to obstructive azoospermia.
Adult ; Epididymis ; cytology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; therapy ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Retrospective Studies ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; methods ; Sperm Motility ; physiology ; Sperm Retrieval ; Spermatozoa ; physiology

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an crucial part of assistant reproductive technology nowadays, mainly used in severe male infertility. It's a very hot question whether different origin of sperms will affect the outcome and safety of ICSI. In this article,we reviewed the present researches on the outcome and safety of ICSI by different origin of sperms, including ejaculated sperms, testicular sperms,epididymal sperms and frozen-thawed sperms.
Cryopreservation ; Ejaculation ; Epididymis ; cytology ; Female ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; therapy ; Male ; Oligospermia ; therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Safety ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; adverse effects ; statistics & numerical data ; Spermatozoa