No abstract available.
Ephedrine

No abstract available.
Ephedrine* ; Rabbits*

BACKGROUND: Propofol is used for supraglottic airway device insertion, often with the i-gel. However, the propofol requirement for i-gel insertion has not been explored in paralyzed patients. This study was performed to explore hemodynamic changes and sedation level with different propofol doses in healthy paralyzed patients when the i-gel was inserted. METHODS: A total of 141 patients undergoing a urologic operation were randomly allocated to three groups depending on the propofol dose (1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg/kg; Groups P1.5, P2, and P2.5, respectively). After patients had been administered each propofol dose and rocuronium, the i-gel was inserted and changes in hemodynamic parameters and bispectral index were evaluated. RESULTS: Group P2 showed a lower incidence of complications (17%) such as hemodynamic instability and inadequate sedation than Group P1.5 (55.3%, P < 0.001) or Group P2.5 (40.4%, P = 0.012). The incidence and dose of additional propofol increased in Group P1.5 (51%, median [range]; 20 [0–50]) compared with those in the other groups (0%, 0 [0–0] in Group P2 and 8.5%, 0 [0–50] in Group P2.5, all P < 0.001), and the incidence and dose of additional ephedrine were significantly higher in Group P2.5 (31.9%; 0 [0–20]) than in Group P1.5 (10.6%, P = 0.012; 0 [0–5], P = 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: For the stable maintenance of hemodynamic parameters and proper sedation level during i-gel insertion, 2 mg/kg propofol has an advantage over 1.5 mg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg propofol in healthy paralyzed patients.
Ephedrine ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Propofol

Based on the nanofiltration mass transfer model, the enhanced separation behavior of ephedrine in organic solution was studied. In the experiment, the sensitive region of ethanol concentration and pH on the rejection of ephedrine was screened out by Box-Behnken central composite experiment design. Furthermore, to analyze the separation regularity of ephedrine and organic solution, the correlation between mass transfer coefficient and concentration of organic solvent was fitted with the changed organic solution by nanofiltration mass transfer mathematical model. Experiments showed the enhanced separation behavior, the decrease in the mass transfer coefficient while the increase in ethanol concentration from 20% to 40%, MWCO at 450 and pH 6.0. Under the same conditions, the enhanced separation behavior was appeared as the solvent changed into methanol and acetonitrile, the enhanced effect was positively correlated with the concentration of the three common organic solvents, and the effect order was acetonitrile>ethanol>methanol. This study took ephedrine as an example, and explored the mechanism of nanofiltration separation in the environment of organic solution, so as to provide references for nanofiltration separation for heat-sensitive traditional Chinese medicine of alkaloid.
Ephedrine ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; Methanol ; Molecular Weight ; Solvents

The authors report one case of akinetic mutism with obstructive hydrocephalus. The patient suffered from multiple shunt failures and shunt revision. After multiple shunt revision, the patient fell into an akinetic-mute state. She appeared awake but was no response to painful somatosensory, loud auditory or threatening visual stimuli and she required total nursing care. This behavioral syndrome was no response to shunt revision but we were able to successfully treat a case of akinetic mutism after combination theraphy of Bromocryptine and Ephedrine.
Akinetic Mutism* ; Bromocriptine* ; Ephedrine* ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Nursing Care

OBJECTIVETo improve the design of the technological process so as to solve the long existing quality problem in the process of producing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride.

METHODPseudoephedrine hydrochloride was developed on basis of developing pseudoephedrine. And its preparation condition was observed.

RESULTPseudoephedrine hydrochloride obtained in the improved process didn't show tendency to agglomerate, which solves the quality problem of the product and the rate of production was raised.

CONCLUSIONThe improved process of producing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride has great application value.

BACKGROUND: In some studies, 5 microgram/kg clonidine premedication was claimed to enhance the pressor effects of ephedrine in anesthetized patients. We studied hemodynamic responses to intravenous responses, themselves responses to intravenous ephedrine in patients who received clonidine 3 microgram/kg. METHODS: 40 ASA pysical status I or II patients were randomly assigned to either the clonidine group (n = 20), receiving oral clonidine 3 microgram/kg 90 min before general anesthesia, or the control group (n = 20), receiving no clonidine. Hemodynamic measurements were made at one-minute intervals for ten minutes after ephedrine 0.1 mg/kg was injected as a bolus. RESULTS: The magnitude of maximal systolic blood pressure increases in the clonidine group (13.2+/-9.3%) was no different in the control group (12.4+/-12.3%). There were no difference in the pressor effect and duration of response of ephedrine in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The pressor effect of ephedrine is not enhanced in patients given 3 microgram/kg clonidine premedication during general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Clonidine* ; Ephedrine* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Premedication*

Effortil is commonly used in this country as a vasopressor, replacing ephedrine. Various sbustances(i. e. ephedrine, neosynephrine, methedrin and epinephrine) have been added to spinal anesthetic agents in an attempt to prolong their action. We have used premixed 5% lidocaine with 5% dextrose solution as a main agent for spinal anesthesia for the past 6 years, and epinephrine has been used to prolong the spinal anesthesia. In this study, we have attempted to assess the possibility of the clinical use of Effortil in comparison with epinephrine for prologing the anesthetic effect of a spinal anesthetic agent. As a control group, 404 patients received premixed 5% lidocaine solution. In the 2nd group, 398 patients received 0. 2 mg of epinephrine added to the lidocaine solution. In the 3rd group, 337 patients received 3.0mg of Effortil added to the lidoeaine solution. The average duration of anesthetic effect was 97 minutes in the control group with lidocaine, 151 minutes in the 2nd group with epinephrine added to the lidocaine solution, and 113 minutes in the last group with Effortil added to the lidocaine solution. As a result of this study, we came to the conclusion that the Effortil may have a slight prolonging effect. However its effect is questionable as to its reliability for clinical use. Epinephrine is far better than Effortil and is more reliable and predictable for clinical use, as previously reported by other workers.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anesthetics ; Ephedrine ; Epinephrine ; Etilefrine* ; Glucose ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Phenylephrine

BACKGROUND: Rocuronium is a nondepolarizing muscle relaxants used for trying rapid-sequence intubation due to its relatively rapid onset of action and low side effects. Methods to further reduce the onset time of a muscle relaxant include increasing the dose of muscle relaxant, pretreatment for potentiating neuromuscular block of the muscle relaxants or increasing the cardiac output and muscle blood flow. The purpose of this study was to examine the pretreatment effect of combined lidocaine and ephedrine, as a pretreatment, on the onset time and intubation conditions of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block in adults. METHODS: Sixty ASA physical stati 1 and 2 patients were randomly allocated to four groups. Normal saline 10 ml was administered to Group NS prior to induction, lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) to Group L, ephedrine (70microgram/kg) to Group E, and combined lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) and ephedrine (70microgram/kg) to Group LE. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (2.0 mg/kg) and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg). Intubation was performed 45 seconds after the administration of rocuronium and the intubation conditions then evaluated. The change in the mean arterial pressure and heart rate were checked and compared during the peri-induction periods. RESULTS: There were no differences in the hemodynamics between the four groups. The intubation conditions were graded as good to excellent in 33.3, 53.3, 66.7 and 93.3% of patients in NS, L, E and LE groups, respectively. The intubation conditions in group LE were significantly better than those in group NS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The above results demonstrated that pretreatment with a combination of ephedrine and lidocaine, following rocuronium, improves the tracheal intubation conditions.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Ephedrine* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Intubation* ; Lidocaine* ; Neuromuscular Blockade* ; Propofol

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the difference in regression of sensory analgesia on hemodynamic changes between bupivacaine and lidocaine in epidural blockade. METHODS: The thirty-six patients (ASA physical status Ior II) scheduled for elective cesarean section, we performed lumbar epidural blockade using 2% lidocaine (group I, II) or 0.5% bupivacaine (group III, IV). Eighty minutes after surgery, we divided the patients into 4 groups: The group I, III received normal saline, 20 ml, for 30 min; the group II, IV received normal saline, 20 ml, containing ephedrine, 2 mg ml, for 30 min. We compared the regression of sensory analgesia at 80 min with that at 140 min. RESULTS: The proximal extent of sensory analgesia at 140 min was significantly lower than that at 80 min in group II. However, no such significant changes occurred in group I, III, IV. CONCLUSIONS: The ephedrine-induced blood pressure increase accelerates regression of epidural blockade using lidocaine. We thought that even moderate and clinically insignificant cardiovascular activation by anxiety or pain can be a cause of reduction in the efficacy and duration of epidural blockade.
Analgesia* ; Anxiety ; Blood Pressure ; Bupivacaine ; Cesarean Section ; Ephedrine ; Female ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Pregnancy