OBJECTIVETo establish an HPLC method for determining the contents of scopolamine hydrobromide, atropine sulfate, ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in Zhichuanling oral liquid.

METHODAgela Durashell RP-C18 (4. 6 mm x250 mm, 5 microm) was adopted, with acetonitrile-sodium phosphate buffer solution (0. 07 mol L-1 sodium phosphate solution with 17.5 mmol L-1 sodium dodecylsulfate adjusted to pH 6.0 with phosphoric acid solution) (30:70) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0. 9 mL min -1, the detection wavelength was 207 nm, and the column temperature was 25 degree C.

RESULTScopolamine hydrobromide, atropine sulfate, ephedrine hlvdrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride showed good linear relations with peak areas within the concentration range of 0. 021 21-1. 060 5 pg (r =0. 999 3) , 0. 011 14-0. 557 microg (r = 0. 999 6) , 0. 200 56-10. 028 microg (r =0. 999 7) and 0.070 33-3. 516 5 gg (r =0. 999 6), respectively, with the average recoveries of 101.9% , 99. 80%, 100. 3%, 100. 2% (n=6).

CONCLUSIONThe method was so quick, simple, highly reproducible and specific that it could be used as one of quality control methods of Zhichuanling oral liquid.

Atropine ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ephedrine ; analysis ; Pseudoephedrine ; analysis ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; analysis

We report a case of epidural anesthesia in a patient presenting for cesarean section with Moyamoya disease. Epidural anesthesia was performed using 0.5% bupivacaine and fentanyl 100 microgram. We used NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy) to monitor neurologic complication. A stable hemodynamic state was produced using left lateral uterine displacement, i.v. infusion of crystalloid solution and ephedrine. The patient had no neurological deficit and there was no significant intraoperative decrease in cerebral oxygenation measured by near infrared spectroscopy.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Bupivacaine ; Cesarean Section* ; Ephedrine ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Moyamoya Disease* ; Oxygen ; Pregnancy ; Spectrum Analysis

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for the determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in Herba Ephedrae and Maxing Shigan Tang by capillary zone electrophoresis.

METHODThe conditions of the experiment were optimized with a fused-silica capillary of 60 cm x 50 microm (50 cm effective length) in a running buffer of 50 mmol x L(-1) borax-20 mmol x L(-1) threonine (pH 9.27) and an applied voltage of 15 kV (room temperature). Samples were introduced by hydrodynamic injections (10 cm x 20 s)and determined with on-column UV monitoring at 210 nm. Phenobarbital was chosen as the internal standard.

RESULTEphedrine and pseudoephedrine are separated successfully within 8 min. The linear responses covered the ranges from 21.3 to 213 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.9996) for ephedrine and from 8.4 to 84 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.9995) for pseudoephedrine. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were shown to be 1.45 and 1.48 microg x mL(-1), respectively, The quantitation limits (S/N = 10) of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were shown to be 4.81 and 4.93 mg x L(-1), respectively. The average recoveries for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were 97.5% and 98.6% with RSD less than 5.0%.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, rapid, cost-effective and precise with satisfactory results.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; methods ; Ephedra sinica ; chemistry ; Ephedrine ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pseudoephedrine ; analysis ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVETo establish an HPLC method for the determination of ephedrine hydrochloride, D-pseudo-ephedrine and amygdalin in Xiao'er Pingchuan Qutan granule.

METHODPheny ether chromatographic column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was adopted, with acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid (containing 0.1% three ethylamine) (3:97) as the mobile phase. The UV detection wavelength was at 210 nm, with the flow rate of 1 mL x min(-1), and column temperature was at 35 degrees C.

RESULTThe linearity of ephedrine hydrochloride, D-pseudo-ephedrine and amygdalin ranged between 0.078 60-3.144 microg (r = 1.000 0), 0.103 4-2.068 microg (r = 0.999 7) and 0.430 5-3.157 microg (r = 0.999 8), respectively. Their average recoveries were 98.46% (RSD 1.1%), 103.0% (RSD 1.5%) and 97.15% (RSD 2.1%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, stable and reliable that it can be used to determine the content of ephedrine hydrochloride, D-pseudo-ephedrine and amygdalin in Xiao'er Pingchuan Qutan granule.

Amygdalin ; analysis ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Ephedrine ; analysis ; chemistry ; Linear Models ; Pseudoephedrine ; analysis ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Time Factors

This study focused on the separation, characterization, content determination, and antiviral efficacy research on colloidal particles with different sizes in Maxing Shigan Decoction(MXSG). The mixed colloidal phase of MXSG was initially separated into small colloidal particle segment(S), medium colloidal particle segment(M), and big colloidal particle segment(B) using ultrafiltration. Further fine separation was performed using size-exclusion chromatography. Dynamic light scattering(DLS) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) were employed to characterize the size and morphology of the separated colloidal particles. UPLC-MS/MS was used to determine the content of ephedrine, amygdalin, glycyrrhizic acid, and the EDTA complexometric titration was used to measure the calcium(Ca~(2+)) content in different colloidal phases. Finally, a respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) infection mouse model was established using intranasal administration. The experimental groups included a blank group, a model group, a ribavirin group, an MXSG group, an S group, an M group, and a B group. Oral administration was given for treatment, and pathological changes in mouse lung tissue and organ indices were evaluated. The results of the study showed that the distribution of ephedrine, amygdalin, glycyrrhizic acid, and Ca~(2+) content was not uniform among different colloidal segments. Among them, the B segment had the highest proportions of the three components, except for Ca~(2+), accounting for 46.35%, 53.72%, and 92.36%, respectively. Size-exclusion chromatography separated colloidal particles with uniform morphology in the size range of 100-500 nm. Compared to the S and M segments, the B segment showed an increased lung index inhibition rate(38.31%), spleen index, and thymus index in RSV-infected mice, and it improved the infiltration of inflammatory cells and lung injury in the lung tissue of mice. The complex components in MXSG form colloidal particles of various sizes and morphologies through heating, and small-molecule active components such as ephedrine, amygdalin, glycyrrhizic acid, and Ca~(2+) participate in the assembly to varying degrees. The main material basis for the antiviral effect of MXSG is the colloidal particles with certain particle sizes formed by the assembly of active components during the heating process.
Mice ; Animals ; Amygdalin/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Glycyrrhizic Acid/analysis* ; Ephedrine/analysis* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology*

The paper is to establish a method for simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of alkaloids in ephedra and poppy which are in Kechuanning tablets. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was adopted in pretreatment, and a UPLC method with 2 different wavelengths had been developed: 210 nm for the detection of morphine, codeine phosphate, ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, and 251 nm for papaverine hydrochloride. The column used was Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm ID, 1.7 microm) with linear gradient elution using acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 0.4 mL.min-1, and the column temperature was 30 degrees C. The linear response range was 0.375 0 - 12.50 microg.mL-1 for morphine, 0.064 32 - 2.144 microg.mL-1 for codeine phosphate, 0.030 06 - 1.002 microg.mL-1 for papaverine hydrochloride, 1.126 - 37.52 microg.mL-1 for ephedrine hydrochloride, 0.287 8 - 9.592 microg.mL-1 for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (r = 0.999 7). The average recoveries of these compounds were 99.26%, 100.6%, 95.29%, 100.1% and 97.48%, respectively. This is a more reasonable and credible method of quality control for Kechuanning tablets.
Alkaloids ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Codeine ; analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Ephedra ; chemistry ; Ephedrine ; analysis ; Morphine ; analysis ; Papaver ; chemistry ; Papaverine ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pseudoephedrine ; analysis ; Quality Control ; Solid Phase Extraction ; Tablets

This paper reports the establishment of a method for rapid identification 15 effective components of anti common cold medicine (paracetamol, aminophenazone, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, methylephedrine hydrochloride, caffeine, amantadine hydrochloride, phenazone, guaifenesin, chlorphenamine maleate, dextromethorphen hydrobromide, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, promethazine hydrochloride, propyphenazone, benorilate and diclofenac sodium) with MRM by LC-MS/MS. The samples were extracted by methanol and were separated from a Altantis T3 column within 15 min with a gradient of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (containing 0.25% glacial acetic acid), a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source (ESI) was used in positive ion mode, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was performed for qualitative analysis of these compounds. The minimum detectable quantity were 0.33-2.5 microg x kg(-1) of the 15 compounds. The method is simple, accurate and with good reproducibility for rapid identification many components in the same chromatographic condition, and provides a reference for qualitative analysis illegally added chemicals in anti common cold medicine.
Acetaminophen ; analysis ; Acetanilides ; analysis ; Amantadine ; analysis ; Aminopyrine ; analysis ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; analysis ; Antipyretics ; analysis ; Antipyrine ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Caffeine ; analysis ; Chlorpheniramine ; analysis ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Diclofenac ; analysis ; Diphenhydramine ; analysis ; Drug Contamination ; Drug Stability ; Ephedrine ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Guaifenesin ; analysis ; Promethazine ; analysis ; Pseudoephedrine ; analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Salicylates ; analysis ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Hypotension associated with epidural anesthesia for cesarean section is common and serious, despite the use of uterine displacement and volume preload. This study evaluated the role of crystalloid volume preload for prevention of hypotension during epidural anesthesia. METHODS: Forty parturients undergoing elective cesarean section were allocated randomly to receive either no preload (Group II, n=20) or preload with Ringer's lactate solution 1000 ml over 10-15 minutes (Group I, n=20) before epidural anesthesia. Hypotension was defined as a decrease of systolic blood pressure to less than 90 mmHg and to less than 80% of baseline value. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured 2 minutes interval during first 20 minutes after epidural injection. Apgar score, umbilical venous, arterial and maternal arterial blood gas analysis were done. RESULTS: Significant hypotension occured in seven of the twenty parturients in no preload group (Group II) and seven of twenty parturients in Ringer's lactate preload group (Group I). There were no statistical differences in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, amount of used ephedrine, Apgar score, umbilical venous, arterial and maternal arterial blood gas analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Ringer's lactate preload (1000 ml) before epidural anesthesia in the supine tilted parturients did not decrease the incidence or severity of hypotension.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, Obstetrical ; Apgar Score ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Ephedrine ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Hypotension* ; Incidence ; Injections, Epidural ; Lactic Acid* ; Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of general anesthesia by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. METHODS: EKG was measured in 35 patients, 17 without diabetes (control group) and 18 with diabetes (DM group). EKG and signal were digitized at 500 Hz for; 3 min in the period before anesthesia, during 1 to 5 min after intubation, 5 to 10 min after intubation and 30 min after skin incision. We also measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate in each period. The signal was analyzed using a fast Fourier transform algorithm to yield the power spectrum of the heart rate variability. Low frequency (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz), high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.5 Hz) powers and the LF/HF ratio were obtained. RESULTS: The blood pressure was increased transiently by tracheal intubation but decreased gradually while anesthesia progressed. To maintain a minimal pressure range, ephedrine 10mg was injected into 11 patients in the DM group. Heart rate also showed the same trend as blood pressure, and no difference between the two groups. LF and HF power of heart rate variability, which was measured before induction, were significantly decreased in the DM group compared to the control group. As anesthesia was applied, overall frequency power was significantly attenuated in both groups. As the operation proceeded, frequency power gradually recovered only in the control group. Changes of the LF/HF ratio in the control group were 2.58+/-0.62 at pre-induction and 5.47+/-1.36, 1.11+/-0.33, 1.03+/-0.21 successively and in the DM group were 3.21+/-0.76 at pre-induction and 4.92+/-2.55, 0.80+/-0.18, 0.56+/-0.16 as the anesthesia progressed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the heart rate variability is significantly attenuated when anesthetics are administered, and that in the DM group heart rate variability is more prominently attenuated than in the control group. This result implies that diabetic patients have an underlying impairment of autonomic nervous system function and that this may lead to a further impairment of autonomic control, which has the potential to allow substantial intraoperative blood pressure liability during periods of surgical stress or blood loss.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Anesthetics ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Electrocardiography ; Ephedrine ; Fourier Analysis ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Intubation ; Skin

BACKGROUND: We have compared the protective effect of 1,000 ml preload on prevention of hypotension with 200 ml preload of crystalloid solution, administered during the 10 min before spinal anesthesia in 30 healthy women undergoing elective caesarean section. METHODS: Systolic blood pressure (SAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured as index of hypotension due to vasodilaton. Ephedrine IV bolus was treated as a decrease in systolic blood pressure to less than 70% of baseline value or to less than 90 mmHg. Apgar score, umbilical artery and vein blood gas analysis were also checked as parameters of fetal well-being. RESULTS: There was no difference in changes in maternal HR, SAP during spinal anesthesia between the two groups. There was no significant difference in ephedrine requirements between the two groups. There was no effect on the clinical condition of the newborn in each group, as assessed by Apgar scores and umbilical cord blood gas analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Apgar Score ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Ephedrine ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Umbilical Arteries ; Veins