No abstract available.
Ephedrine

No abstract available.
Ephedrine* ; Rabbits*

BACKGROUND: Propofol is used for supraglottic airway device insertion, often with the i-gel. However, the propofol requirement for i-gel insertion has not been explored in paralyzed patients. This study was performed to explore hemodynamic changes and sedation level with different propofol doses in healthy paralyzed patients when the i-gel was inserted. METHODS: A total of 141 patients undergoing a urologic operation were randomly allocated to three groups depending on the propofol dose (1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg/kg; Groups P1.5, P2, and P2.5, respectively). After patients had been administered each propofol dose and rocuronium, the i-gel was inserted and changes in hemodynamic parameters and bispectral index were evaluated. RESULTS: Group P2 showed a lower incidence of complications (17%) such as hemodynamic instability and inadequate sedation than Group P1.5 (55.3%, P < 0.001) or Group P2.5 (40.4%, P = 0.012). The incidence and dose of additional propofol increased in Group P1.5 (51%, median [range]; 20 [0–50]) compared with those in the other groups (0%, 0 [0–0] in Group P2 and 8.5%, 0 [0–50] in Group P2.5, all P < 0.001), and the incidence and dose of additional ephedrine were significantly higher in Group P2.5 (31.9%; 0 [0–20]) than in Group P1.5 (10.6%, P = 0.012; 0 [0–5], P = 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: For the stable maintenance of hemodynamic parameters and proper sedation level during i-gel insertion, 2 mg/kg propofol has an advantage over 1.5 mg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg propofol in healthy paralyzed patients.
Ephedrine ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Propofol

Based on the nanofiltration mass transfer model, the enhanced separation behavior of ephedrine in organic solution was studied. In the experiment, the sensitive region of ethanol concentration and pH on the rejection of ephedrine was screened out by Box-Behnken central composite experiment design. Furthermore, to analyze the separation regularity of ephedrine and organic solution, the correlation between mass transfer coefficient and concentration of organic solvent was fitted with the changed organic solution by nanofiltration mass transfer mathematical model. Experiments showed the enhanced separation behavior, the decrease in the mass transfer coefficient while the increase in ethanol concentration from 20% to 40%, MWCO at 450 and pH 6.0. Under the same conditions, the enhanced separation behavior was appeared as the solvent changed into methanol and acetonitrile, the enhanced effect was positively correlated with the concentration of the three common organic solvents, and the effect order was acetonitrile>ethanol>methanol. This study took ephedrine as an example, and explored the mechanism of nanofiltration separation in the environment of organic solution, so as to provide references for nanofiltration separation for heat-sensitive traditional Chinese medicine of alkaloid.
Ephedrine ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; Methanol ; Molecular Weight ; Solvents

The authors report one case of akinetic mutism with obstructive hydrocephalus. The patient suffered from multiple shunt failures and shunt revision. After multiple shunt revision, the patient fell into an akinetic-mute state. She appeared awake but was no response to painful somatosensory, loud auditory or threatening visual stimuli and she required total nursing care. This behavioral syndrome was no response to shunt revision but we were able to successfully treat a case of akinetic mutism after combination theraphy of Bromocryptine and Ephedrine.
Akinetic Mutism* ; Bromocriptine* ; Ephedrine* ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Nursing Care

Effortil is commonly used in this country as a vasopressor, replacing ephedrine. Various sbustances(i. e. ephedrine, neosynephrine, methedrin and epinephrine) have been added to spinal anesthetic agents in an attempt to prolong their action. We have used premixed 5% lidocaine with 5% dextrose solution as a main agent for spinal anesthesia for the past 6 years, and epinephrine has been used to prolong the spinal anesthesia. In this study, we have attempted to assess the possibility of the clinical use of Effortil in comparison with epinephrine for prologing the anesthetic effect of a spinal anesthetic agent. As a control group, 404 patients received premixed 5% lidocaine solution. In the 2nd group, 398 patients received 0. 2 mg of epinephrine added to the lidocaine solution. In the 3rd group, 337 patients received 3.0mg of Effortil added to the lidoeaine solution. The average duration of anesthetic effect was 97 minutes in the control group with lidocaine, 151 minutes in the 2nd group with epinephrine added to the lidocaine solution, and 113 minutes in the last group with Effortil added to the lidocaine solution. As a result of this study, we came to the conclusion that the Effortil may have a slight prolonging effect. However its effect is questionable as to its reliability for clinical use. Epinephrine is far better than Effortil and is more reliable and predictable for clinical use, as previously reported by other workers.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anesthetics ; Ephedrine ; Epinephrine ; Etilefrine* ; Glucose ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Phenylephrine

BACKGROUND: In some studies, 5 microgram/kg clonidine premedication was claimed to enhance the pressor effects of ephedrine in anesthetized patients. We studied hemodynamic responses to intravenous responses, themselves responses to intravenous ephedrine in patients who received clonidine 3 microgram/kg. METHODS: 40 ASA pysical status I or II patients were randomly assigned to either the clonidine group (n = 20), receiving oral clonidine 3 microgram/kg 90 min before general anesthesia, or the control group (n = 20), receiving no clonidine. Hemodynamic measurements were made at one-minute intervals for ten minutes after ephedrine 0.1 mg/kg was injected as a bolus. RESULTS: The magnitude of maximal systolic blood pressure increases in the clonidine group (13.2+/-9.3%) was no different in the control group (12.4+/-12.3%). There were no difference in the pressor effect and duration of response of ephedrine in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The pressor effect of ephedrine is not enhanced in patients given 3 microgram/kg clonidine premedication during general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Clonidine* ; Ephedrine* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Premedication*

OBJECTIVETo improve the design of the technological process so as to solve the long existing quality problem in the process of producing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride.

METHODPseudoephedrine hydrochloride was developed on basis of developing pseudoephedrine. And its preparation condition was observed.

RESULTPseudoephedrine hydrochloride obtained in the improved process didn't show tendency to agglomerate, which solves the quality problem of the product and the rate of production was raised.

CONCLUSIONThe improved process of producing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride has great application value.

BACKGROUND: Propofol is a useful induction agent, but it can cause hypotention and bradycardia. Meanwhile, ephedrine has alpha-vasoconstriction and beta-cardiac stimulant effect. The purpose of this study was to assess the hemodynamic effects of adding various doses of ephedrine to propofol to obtund adverse hemodynamic response and to determine the optimal dose. METHODS: Unpremedicated 120 ASA physical status I adult patients (20~50yrs) scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated into four groups according to the doses of ephedrine added to propofol (1%, 20 ml). Group 1 (control group) was given propofol alone and 10, 15 and 20 mg of ephedrine was added to propofol in Group 2, 3 and 4, respectively (n=30 for each group). Propofol was loaded at 150 ml/hr using a syringe pump and no response to verbal command was ascertained as the end-point of induction. Vital signs and SpO2 were checked every 1 min during the induction period. RESULTS: In group 1, there was a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic pressure prior to intubation. Group 2 and 3 showed relatively stable hemodynamic changes and significant systolic or diastolic changes occured only in the pre or post 1 min periods of intubation. But, in pulse rate, group 3 showed significant change 1 and 2 min after intubation, in contrary to group 2. Group 4 showed significant changes in systolic and diastolic pressure 1 and 2 min after intubation, and in pulse rate throughout the postintubation period. CONCLUSIONS: Ephedrine 10mg may be safely employed to reduce the hemodynamic changes during induction preiod with propofol.
Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Blood Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Ephedrine* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Intubation ; Propofol* ; Syringes ; Vital Signs

BACKGROUND: Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) can be performed under epidural anesthesia. However, epidural anesthesia dose not provide complete analgesia during VATS. In that case, remifentanil may provide adjuvant analgesia. The aim of this study was to find safe and effective target concentration of remifentanil during VATS under epidural anesthesia. METHODS: Patients were randomly allocated to target concentration of remifentanil 1 or 2 microgram/ml (Group N1 or N2). Thoracic epidural catheter was inserted at T(6-7) or T(7-8) and 0.75% ropivacaine 6 ml was administered. Patients were positioned in lateral position and remifentanil infusion was started. If patients complained of pain, target concentration of remifentanil was elevated by 0.5 microgram/ml. Hemodynamic and respiratory variables were checked during anesthesia. The degree of sedation was evaluated with Ramsey sedation scale and modified Steward recovery scale was used to evaluate recovery. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between 2 groups in hemodynamic and respiratory variables. N2 group showed more sedation on skin incision (P < 0.05). The incidence of pain complaint in N1 group was higher than those of N2 group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of side effects and ephedrine administration. CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil target concentration of 2 ng/ml is more effective than 1 ng/ml to reduce pain without significant side effects during VATS under thoracic epidural anesthesia.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Catheters ; Ephedrine ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Skin ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted*