No abstract available.
Ephedrine

No abstract available.
Ephedrine* ; Rabbits*

BACKGROUND: Propofol is used for supraglottic airway device insertion, often with the i-gel. However, the propofol requirement for i-gel insertion has not been explored in paralyzed patients. This study was performed to explore hemodynamic changes and sedation level with different propofol doses in healthy paralyzed patients when the i-gel was inserted. METHODS: A total of 141 patients undergoing a urologic operation were randomly allocated to three groups depending on the propofol dose (1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg/kg; Groups P1.5, P2, and P2.5, respectively). After patients had been administered each propofol dose and rocuronium, the i-gel was inserted and changes in hemodynamic parameters and bispectral index were evaluated. RESULTS: Group P2 showed a lower incidence of complications (17%) such as hemodynamic instability and inadequate sedation than Group P1.5 (55.3%, P < 0.001) or Group P2.5 (40.4%, P = 0.012). The incidence and dose of additional propofol increased in Group P1.5 (51%, median [range]; 20 [0–50]) compared with those in the other groups (0%, 0 [0–0] in Group P2 and 8.5%, 0 [0–50] in Group P2.5, all P < 0.001), and the incidence and dose of additional ephedrine were significantly higher in Group P2.5 (31.9%; 0 [0–20]) than in Group P1.5 (10.6%, P = 0.012; 0 [0–5], P = 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: For the stable maintenance of hemodynamic parameters and proper sedation level during i-gel insertion, 2 mg/kg propofol has an advantage over 1.5 mg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg propofol in healthy paralyzed patients.
Ephedrine ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Propofol

Based on the nanofiltration mass transfer model, the enhanced separation behavior of ephedrine in organic solution was studied. In the experiment, the sensitive region of ethanol concentration and pH on the rejection of ephedrine was screened out by Box-Behnken central composite experiment design. Furthermore, to analyze the separation regularity of ephedrine and organic solution, the correlation between mass transfer coefficient and concentration of organic solvent was fitted with the changed organic solution by nanofiltration mass transfer mathematical model. Experiments showed the enhanced separation behavior, the decrease in the mass transfer coefficient while the increase in ethanol concentration from 20% to 40%, MWCO at 450 and pH 6.0. Under the same conditions, the enhanced separation behavior was appeared as the solvent changed into methanol and acetonitrile, the enhanced effect was positively correlated with the concentration of the three common organic solvents, and the effect order was acetonitrile>ethanol>methanol. This study took ephedrine as an example, and explored the mechanism of nanofiltration separation in the environment of organic solution, so as to provide references for nanofiltration separation for heat-sensitive traditional Chinese medicine of alkaloid.
Ephedrine ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; Methanol ; Molecular Weight ; Solvents

The authors report one case of akinetic mutism with obstructive hydrocephalus. The patient suffered from multiple shunt failures and shunt revision. After multiple shunt revision, the patient fell into an akinetic-mute state. She appeared awake but was no response to painful somatosensory, loud auditory or threatening visual stimuli and she required total nursing care. This behavioral syndrome was no response to shunt revision but we were able to successfully treat a case of akinetic mutism after combination theraphy of Bromocryptine and Ephedrine.
Akinetic Mutism* ; Bromocriptine* ; Ephedrine* ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Nursing Care

Effortil is commonly used in this country as a vasopressor, replacing ephedrine. Various sbustances(i. e. ephedrine, neosynephrine, methedrin and epinephrine) have been added to spinal anesthetic agents in an attempt to prolong their action. We have used premixed 5% lidocaine with 5% dextrose solution as a main agent for spinal anesthesia for the past 6 years, and epinephrine has been used to prolong the spinal anesthesia. In this study, we have attempted to assess the possibility of the clinical use of Effortil in comparison with epinephrine for prologing the anesthetic effect of a spinal anesthetic agent. As a control group, 404 patients received premixed 5% lidocaine solution. In the 2nd group, 398 patients received 0. 2 mg of epinephrine added to the lidocaine solution. In the 3rd group, 337 patients received 3.0mg of Effortil added to the lidoeaine solution. The average duration of anesthetic effect was 97 minutes in the control group with lidocaine, 151 minutes in the 2nd group with epinephrine added to the lidocaine solution, and 113 minutes in the last group with Effortil added to the lidocaine solution. As a result of this study, we came to the conclusion that the Effortil may have a slight prolonging effect. However its effect is questionable as to its reliability for clinical use. Epinephrine is far better than Effortil and is more reliable and predictable for clinical use, as previously reported by other workers.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anesthetics ; Ephedrine ; Epinephrine ; Etilefrine* ; Glucose ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Phenylephrine

BACKGROUND: In some studies, 5 microgram/kg clonidine premedication was claimed to enhance the pressor effects of ephedrine in anesthetized patients. We studied hemodynamic responses to intravenous responses, themselves responses to intravenous ephedrine in patients who received clonidine 3 microgram/kg. METHODS: 40 ASA pysical status I or II patients were randomly assigned to either the clonidine group (n = 20), receiving oral clonidine 3 microgram/kg 90 min before general anesthesia, or the control group (n = 20), receiving no clonidine. Hemodynamic measurements were made at one-minute intervals for ten minutes after ephedrine 0.1 mg/kg was injected as a bolus. RESULTS: The magnitude of maximal systolic blood pressure increases in the clonidine group (13.2+/-9.3%) was no different in the control group (12.4+/-12.3%). There were no difference in the pressor effect and duration of response of ephedrine in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The pressor effect of ephedrine is not enhanced in patients given 3 microgram/kg clonidine premedication during general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Clonidine* ; Ephedrine* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Premedication*

OBJECTIVETo improve the design of the technological process so as to solve the long existing quality problem in the process of producing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride.

METHODPseudoephedrine hydrochloride was developed on basis of developing pseudoephedrine. And its preparation condition was observed.

RESULTPseudoephedrine hydrochloride obtained in the improved process didn't show tendency to agglomerate, which solves the quality problem of the product and the rate of production was raised.

CONCLUSIONThe improved process of producing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride has great application value.

Ephedrine ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Quality Control ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; standards

AIMTo establish a suitable condition for extraction of phenylalanine (Phe), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-OH-Trp) and four diastereomeric salts, (1R,2S)-ephedrine- (2S,3S)-tartaric acid, (1R,2S)-ephedrine-(2R,3R)-tartaric acid, (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine-(2S,3S)-tartaric acid, (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine- (2R,3R)-tartaric acid in supercritical fluid extraction and to assess the solubilities of Phe, 5-OH-Trp and the four diastereomeric salts in CO2.

METHODSSingle-pass method and HPCE.

RESULTSThe solubilities of Phe, 5-OH-Trp and the four diastereomeric salts in CO2 were determined over temperature and pressure ranges of 25-50 degrees C and 6.32-34.03 MPa respectively. The experimental results showed that the solubilities of Phe, 5-OH-Trp and the four diastereomeric salts do not increase with density of CO2. There existed a maximum in the critical region of CO2.

CONCLUSIONThe dramatically high solubilities in the pressure of 6.32-7.78 MPa show a critical behavior, which can be explained by critical characteristic through thermodynamics analysis. The results suggest that the separation of Phe, 5-OH-Trp and the four diastereomeric salts is more efficient in critical region of CO2.

5-Hydroxytryptophan ; chemistry ; Ephedrine ; chemistry ; Phenylalanine ; chemistry ; Pressure ; Solubility ; Stereoisomerism ; Tartrates ; chemistry ; Temperature

INTRODUCTION: In 1910 phenylephrine hydrochloride was introduced first by Barger and Dale. Phenylephrine hydrochloride is a synthetic sympathomimetic compound structurally similar to epinephrine and ephedrine. Synthetic phenylephrine hydrochloride is clinically used as a nasal decongestant, vasopressor and mydriatic, etc.. The use of phenylephrine hydrochloride in ophthalmological practice is based on its action of vasoconstriction and mydriasis. Phenylephrine hyrdochloride has been introduced in U.S.A. as 10 % neosynephrine (U.S.P.) and in Japan as 5 % neosynesine. It's usefulness in therapy and examination is due to the following characteristics; (1) Rapid effect, (2) No influence on intraocular pressure nor on accommodation, (3) No undesirable side reaction. In many countries including U.S.A. and Japan. they reported experimentally and clinically in detail about the mydriatic action of phenylephrine hydrochloride but unfortunately there is no data concerning mydriatic action of phenylephrine hydrochloride in Koreans in spite of its wide use in ophthalmology. The study was performed for dilatation of the pupil, influence on intraocular pressure and accommodation, antagonistic action to pilocarpine, and side reaction after instillation of 10 % neosynephrine (U.S.P.) by the following method. METHOD AND MATERIAL: Material; 10 % Neosynephrine hydrochloride (U.S.P.), 2 % Pilocarpine. Subjects; 228 Korean normal eyes (6-84 yrs. old). METHOD: 1. Dilatation of the pupil (176 eyes). Group 1; One drop of 10 % neosynephrine instilled into 75 eyes. Over 60 yrs. old--10 eyes, 36-59 yrs. old--17 eyes, Under 35 yrs. old--48 eyes. Group 2; Two drops of 10 % neosynephrine instilled into 59 eyes. Over 60 yrs. old--2, eyes 39-59 yrs. old--17 eyes, Under 35 yrs, old--40 eyes. Group 3; Three drops of 10 % neosynephrine instilled into 42 eyes. Over 60 yrs. old--7 eyes, 36-59 yrs. old-14 eyes, Under 35 yrs. old-21 eyes. Interval between each instillation was two or three minutes. After instillation of 10 % neosynephrine into the eyes, the diameter of the pupils was measured frequently till maximum dilatation. 2. Influence on the intraocular pressure (25 eyes). After measurement of the intraocular pressure and diameter of the pupil in eacheyes, one drop of 10 % neosynephrine was instilled into 9 eyes and two drops into 10 eyes, and three drops into 6 eyes. After that measurement of intraocular pressure and diameter of the pupil was done every 10 minutes for 90 minutes and 2 and 3 hrs. later. 3. Influence on accommodation. The diameter of the pupil and distance of N.P.C. were measured before instillation of neosynephrine and every 10 minutes interval for 90 minutes and at 2 and 3 hrs. after instillation of 10 % neosynephrine into 23 eyes (one drop into 8 eyes, two drops into 10 eyes, three drops into 5 eyes). 4. Antagonistic action of 2 % pilocarpine to mydriatic action of 10 % neosynephrine. In two eyes of a 26 yrs. old man, diameter of the pupil was measured and compared in both eyes before instillation of one drop of 10 % neosynephrine and in 10 minutes interval to 90 minutes, at 2 and 3 hrs. after instillation of one drop of 10 % neosynephrine intoboth eyes. Then one drop of 2 % pilocarpine was instiIled into only the right eye at 50 minutes after first instillation of neosynephrine. One drop of 10 % neosynephrine was instilled into both eyes of a 23 yrs. old man, two drops into both eyes of a 20 yrs. old man. and three drops into both eyes of a man aged 22 yrs. One drop of 2 % pilocarpine was instilled into only the right eye of each person, respectively at 40 minutes (22 yrs. old eye), 50 minutes (20 yrs. old eye), and 60 minutes. (23 yrs. old eye) after first instillation of neosynephrine. The diameter of the pupil, the distance of N.P.c., and the intraocular pressure were measured and compared in both eyes of each person befere instillation and at 10 minutes intervals for 90 minutes. and at two and three hrs. after first instillation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 1. In most of 176 eyes, the diameter of the pupils reached more than 7.5mm (maximum dilatation) and they took an average of 42 minutes to reach their maximum dilatation Among them, the shortest was 26 minutes and the longest 75 minutes. 2. The time the pupil takes to reach its maximum dilatation is a little differance between group 1 (one drop of neosynephrne instilled) and group 2 (two drops of neosynephrine instilled) but definetely shorter in group 3 (three drops of neosynepphrine instilled). 3. 10 % neosynephrine has little influence on intraocular pressure. 4. 10 % neosynephrine has slight influence on accommodation (slight paresis of accommodation) in about half of 26 eyes hut they have no disturbance at near work (Table 2 and 3). 5. 2 % pilocarpine constricts the dilated pupil more quickly than if not used (Table 4.). 6. Age has no effect on dilatation of the pupil due to instillation of 10 % neosynephrine. 7. No undesirable side reaction was noted.
Dilatation ; Ephedrine ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Japan ; Mydriasis ; Ophthalmology ; Paresis ; Phenylephrine* ; Pilocarpine ; Pupil ; Vasoconstriction