Animals ; Apoptosis ; Asthma ; pathology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; cytology ; Eosinophils ; cytology ; Guinea Pigs

OBJECTIVE: To study the reference values for differential cell counts in nasal lavage of normality in Nanjing. METHOD: The total and differential cell counts were examined in nasal lavage from samples of a total of 300 healthy non-smoking adult volunteers. RESULT: Nasal lavage succeeded in 281 subjects, the achievement ratio was 93.67%. The proportions of eosinophils 0.46 +/- 1.03, neutrophils were 4.46 +/- 9. 84, macrophages 0. 19 +/- 0.73 and lymphocytes 0.04 +/- 0. 16, respectively. There were no significant differences in the differential cell counts between male and female(P>0. 05) . The 95% ceiling percentile of eosinophils and neutrophils in nasal lavage are 2. 58 and 19.76 respectively. CONCLUSION The reference values were established for differential cell counts in nasal lavage of normality in Nanjing. We propose that these data be used in research on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of the patients with nasal inflammation.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Cell Count ; Eosinophils ; cytology ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; cytology ; Macrophages ; cytology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Lavage ; Neutrophils ; cytology ; Reference Values ; Young Adult

Since the early part of the twentieth century, many authors have claimed that eosinophilia is found in the nasal secretions and blood of patients with allergic diseases. This observation has now become an established fact, and recent evidence based on extensive investigation, suggests that the eosinophil may play an active role in allergic disease. Thus, we report changes in nasal eosinophils in a group of nasal allergy patients treated by specific hyposensitization. The following results were obtained; 1. Eosinophilia was noted in 52.8 percent of untreated nasal allergy patients. 2. The eosinophilic count was gradually decreased with increasing S.D.V.(specific desensitizing vaccine) hyposensitization.
Eosinophils* ; Hay Fever/pathology* ; Human ; Leukocyte Count ; Mucus/cytology ; Nasal Mucosa/secretion*

OBJECTIVETo explore the expression of γδ T cells in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and its potential significance in pathogenesis.

METHODSγδ T cell expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (Envision method). From polyps (25 CRS patients with nasal polyps, CRSwNP), inferior turbinate mucosa (13 CRS patients without nasal polyps, CRSsNP), and 16 inferior turbinate mucosa from patients with deviation of nasal septum served as control. The infiltration of eosinophils in eosinophilic CRSwNP was observed by HE staining. The differences of expression of γδ T cells between each groups were compared, meanwhile the relationship between γδ T cells and eosinophils were analyzed. SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyze the data.

RESULTSThe positive range of γδ T cells in CRSwNP group and CRSsNP group was 88.0% and 84.6%, respectively, both higher than 37.5% in control group (χ(2) = 13.413, P < 0.01, χ(2) = 6.564, P < 0.05, respectively), CRSwNP group had no statistical significance compared with CRSsNP group (χ(2) = 0.086, P > 0.05). The expression of γδ T cells in CRSwNP group was stronger than CRSsNP group and control group (U = 596, P < 0.01, U = 296, P < 0.01, respectively); CRSsNP group was stronger than control group (U = 216, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between γδ T cells and eosinophils (r = 0.579, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe expression of γδ T cells was increased in nasal mucosa of CRS. γδ T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS.

Chronic Disease ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Nasal Mucosa ; cytology ; Rhinitis ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; Sinusitis ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of the non adrenergic non cholinergic nerve (NANC) and substance P (SP) in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis by observing histamine nasal provocation induced conjunctivitis in guinea pigs.

METHODSForty male guinea pigs were randomly divided into five groups with each group consisting of eight guinea pigs. All anesthetized guinea pigs were exposed either to histamine (0.2%, 5 µl) (group B~E) or saline (5 µl, group A) via unilateral nostril. No pretreatment was done in group A and B while pretreatment was done in groups C~E through injection into the unilateral common carotid artery with cholinergic nerve inhibitor (atropine, 1 mg/kg, group C), cholinergic nerve inhibitor plus adrenergic nerve inhibitors (atropine, 1 mg/kg, phentolamine, 1 mg/kg plus Esmolol, 1 mg/kg, group D) and cholinergic nerve inhibitor, adrenergic nerve inhibitors plus SP receptor antagonist (the same treatment with group D plus D-SP 10(-6) mol/L, 1 µl/g, group E), respectively. To assess the ipsilateral conjunctival inflammatory reaction, conjunctiva leakage with Evans blue dye assessments and HE staining of conjunctival tissues were performed. The SP expression in ipsilateral conjunctival tissue in different groups of guinea pigs were assessed by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. The activity of eosinophils was assessed by eosinophil major basic protein 1 (MBP1) with RT-PCR, meanwhile, the activity of mast cells was assessed by tryptase with RT-PCR. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data.

RESULTSAt 30 min after nasal application of histamine, ipsilateral conjunctivitis was successfully induced as shown by the change of conjunctiva leakage and histology. The content of Evans blue in ipsilateral conjunctival tissue of group A~E was (13.78 ± 2.48), (29.62 ± 3.31), (19.03 ± 1.47), (18.42 ± 2.52), (14.83 ± 2.14) µg/ml, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between group A and B (t = -10.66, P < 0.05), group B and C (t = 7.97, P < 0.05), group C and E (t = 4.51, P < 0.05). PT-PCR assays showed the relative expression of SP mRNA in ipsilateral conjunctival tissues of group A~E was (1.00 ± 0.04), (1.61 ± 0.09), (1.26 ± 0.03), (1.27 ± 0.06), (1.08 ± 0.05), respectively. There was statistically significant difference between group A and B (t = -22.04, P < 0.05), group B and C (t = 12.93, P < 0.05), group C and E (t = 11.85, P < 0.05). The expression of tryptase of ipsilateral conjunctiva was (1.00 ± 0.01), (1.01 ± 0.05), (1.02 ± 0.17), (1.00 ± 0.14), (1.01 ± 0.20), and the expression of MBP1 was (1.00 ± 0.03), (1.02 ± 0.15), (0.94 ± 0.08), (1.01 ± 0.07), (0.98 ± 0.13) in A~E groups. There was not statistically significant difference among five groups (F value was 1.93, 0.57, both P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSHistamine nasal provocation induced allergic inflammatory response of ipsilateral conjunctiva in guinea pigs. Neural factors including NANC nerves and its medium SP participated this nose-ocular reflex process. These data help to develop a more scientific clinical treatment strategy.

Animals ; Conjunctiva ; physiopathology ; Conjunctivitis, Allergic ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Eosinophils ; cytology ; Guinea Pigs ; Histamine ; adverse effects ; Male ; Mast Cells ; cytology ; Neurons ; cytology ; Substance P ; metabolism ; Tryptases

OBJECTIVETo establish the method of cytological examination and the normal reference values for hypertonic saline solution-induced sputum of healthy children (age range from 5 to 15 years) with physical examination in Guangzhou.

METHODA total of 352 children, 5 to 15 years old, were enrolled from primary school and middle school in Guangzhou from January to December, 2010. All subjects completed a standardized questionnaire on the presence of respiratory, allergic symptoms and family history, the medical history and the physical examination was performed by doctors, lung function (forced expiratory volume at 1 s in predicted normal, FEV(1)%) was determined. There were 266 healthy children (137 males, 129 females) who were selected and undergone hypertonic saline solution induction of sputum, and cytological examination was performed. Hypertonic saline (5%) was nebulized and inhaled for 15 - 30 min. No expectoration within 30 min was defined as failure, and the procedure was terminated. The part of opaque and higher density sputum samples was detected by cytology. The proportion of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and monocytes was calculated. This study was approved by the institutional Ethics Review Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College. Informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all participants following a detailed description of the purpose and potential benefits of the study.

RESULTThere were 175 subjects' induced sputum specimens (175/266, 65.8%), non-qualified sputum samples were obtained from 16 of the subjects. The proportions of median (IQR) of lymphocytes were 0.012 (0.020), 95%CI were ranged from 0.015 to 0.022; neutrophils 0.207 (0.330), 95%CI 0.266 - 0.356 macrophages 0.761 (0.327), 95%CI 0.607 - 0.699; eosinophils 0.004 (0.019), 95%CI 0.013 - 0.022. There were no significant differences in proportions of cytological findings of female or male, different age groups and second-hand smoking or not (all P > 0.05). The incidence of adverse event was 4.40% (7/159).

CONCLUSIONThe method and the preliminary data may be used for research, diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic cough and airway inflammation.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Cough ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Eosinophils ; cytology ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocytes ; cytology ; Male ; Monocytes ; cytology ; Neutrophils ; cytology ; Reference Values ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; chemistry ; Sputum ; cytology ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEIt is known that Siglec-8 is selectively expressed on human eosinophils at a high level and mediates eosinophil apoptosis when crosslinked with its antibody. The aim of our review is to elucidate the molecular and biological characteristic of Siglec-8 and then discuss the function and possible mechanisms of Siglec-8 in eosinophils. Thereby, we will expand our understanding to the regulation of eosinophil apoptosis, and provide important clues to the treatment of asthma and other hyper-eosinophilic diseases.

DATA SOURCESMost articles were identified by searching of PubMed online resources using the key term Siglecs.

STUDY SELECTIONMainly original milestone articles and critical reviews written by major pioneer investigators in the field were selected.

RESULTSSiglec-8 is selectively expressed on human eosinophil and can specifically induce eosinophil apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONThe restricted expression of Siglec-8 on human eosinophil and the rapid progress in understanding its role as cell signaling and activation of death receptors have made it an attractive target for treatment of asthma and other hyper-eosinophilic diseases.

Apoptosis ; genetics ; physiology ; Asthma ; metabolism ; therapy ; Eosinophils ; cytology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the relation between total IgE, special IgE and Eosinophils of serum in blood and the occurrence of nasal polyps (NP) of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients, and then to get the best clinic index. METHOD: One hundred and fifty two cases of CRS patients were divided into two groups (CRSsNP, CRSwNP). Allergen in vitro were screened, and then. the acidophilic granulocyte percentage and the total IgE of serum in blood were determined. RESULT: (1) The IgE concentration of CRSsNP was mainly at one level while the IgE concentration of (CRSwNP was mainly at two or three levels (Z = 0.906, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference of sIgE serum between the two groups. (2) The EOS percentage of CRSwNP was distinctly higher than that of CRSsNP(F = 4.337, P = 0.039 t = 3.315, P < 0.01). The 95% confidential interval (CI) of EOS of CRSwNP was 3.90%-5.260, 5% TM value was 4.3, which were higher than the concentration of CRSsNP and normal val ue. There was no significant difference between different groups (classes) if the CRSwNP group were classified by sIgE concentration (P > 0.05). (3) CRSwNP patients were mainly mixed-type allergen allergy and the proportion of patients with this mixed-type allergen would increase in accordance with the increasing of allergen concentration gradient (chi2 = 8.595, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The occurrence of CRSwNP is related to the increase of EOS and mixed allergens. When the concentration of EOS range from 3.90% to 5.26%, CRSwNP is more likely to occur. The concentration of total IgE and sIgE are not the risk factors singly. Allergen screening result combined with the clinical symptoms can help to get knowledge of and keep away from allergen, and also is beneficial to make treatment plan of perioperative period of CRS.
Chronic Disease ; Eosinophils ; cytology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Polyps ; blood ; complications ; Sinusitis ; blood ; complications

OBJECTIVE: To compare the serum glycerophospholipid levels in the inflammatory subtypes of asthma by using targeted metabolomic analysis. METHODS: Demographic and clinical data were collected from 51 patients with asthma between January 2015 and December 2015. Routine blood and sputum induction tests were performed. Eosinophilic asthma was defined as induced sputum containing ⪖ 3% eosinophils, and neutrophilic asthma, as induced sputum containing ⪖ 71% neutrophils. Serum metabolic glycerophospholipid profile was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Differences in glycerophospholipid levels between eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic asthma and between neutrophilic and non-neutrophilic asthma were analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis. RESULTS: The serum lysophosphatidylglycerol level was significantly higher in the group with ⪖ 3% eosinophils in sputum than in the group with < 3% eosinophils in sputum. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was ⪖ 70%. There was no significant difference in the serum metabolic glycerophospholipid profile between the group with sputum neutrophils ⪖ 71% and the group with sputum neutrophils < 71%. CONCLUSION Serum lysophosphatidylglycerol is produced abundantly in eosinophilic asthma and may be a biomarker of eosinophilic asthma. This information is helpful for identifying and tailoring treatment for the common asthma subtypes.
Adult ; Asthma ; blood ; immunology ; Eosinophils ; immunology ; Female ; Glycerophospholipids ; blood ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolomics ; Middle Aged ; Neutrophils ; immunology ; Sputum ; cytology ; immunology

UNLABELLEDProminent eosinophil airway inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of asthma. There is increasing evidence that the disorder of eosinophil apoptosis contributes to the mechanism. But most of the studies have been done in vitro or on animal models, very few were done among the adult asthmatics in vivo.

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the apoptotic eosinophils and Bcl-2 in asthmatic children in vivo.

METHODSEleven mild to moderate asthmatic patients were recruited and the range of age was 7 - 14 years (9 males, 2 females), meanwhile 7 patients with lower respiratory infection were recruited as control and the range of age was 9 - 14 years (5 males, 2 females). Before and after inhaled glucocorticoid (GC) induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), bronchial mucosa specimens and peripheral blood were obtained for measuring and comparing the changes of apoptotic EG(2)(+) cell by combining the techniques of TUNEL and immunohistochemistry, meanwhile the expression of Bcl-2 in bronchial mucosa specimens was measured by using the immunohistochemical assay.

RESULTSBefore the inhalation of GC, the apoptotic EG(2)(+) cells in asthmatics were significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.01), and the numbers of EG(2)(+) cell in asthmatics group were significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.001). After the treatment apoptotic EG(2)(+) cells in asthmatics were increased (P < 0.01), and the numbers of EG(2)(+)cell were decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively), FEV(1)% was increased (P < 0.05). Before the inhalation of GC, the numbers of Bcl-2(+) cell in asthmatic airway submucosa were higher than that in control group (P < 0.05) but after the treatment the number of Bcl-2(+) cell did not change significantly. (4) Before and after GC treatment the percentages of apoptotic eosinophils of peripheral blood in vivo had no significant changes compared with those of control subjects (P > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between apoptosis of EG(2)(+) cell in sputum, BAL, airway submucosa and FEV(1)% (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONApoptosis of EG(2)(+) cell decreased in the airway of asthmatic children and inducing EOS apoptosis is one of the important mechanism of inhaled GC therapy for asthma.

Adolescent ; Apoptosis ; Asthma ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; cytology ; Child ; Eosinophils ; cytology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Male ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; analysis ; Respiratory Mucosa ; chemistry ; cytology