The purpose of this study was to develop a job stress scale for hospital-based home care nurses in Korea. The process was construction of the conceptual framework, development of the preliminary items, verification of the content validity, item analysis and test of the reliability. The preliminary items were based on literature review and in-depth interviews with home care nurses. As a result, eight categories and sixty items were selected. These were reviewed by seven specialists for content validity and finally fifty one items were chosen. Data was collected from 180 home care nurses who were engaged in 87 hospitals from August to September 2003. The result of item analysis one was excepted. The final item count was 50. Categories were as follows: overload work(8 items), lack of specialized knowledge and technique(5 items), ethical dilemma(4 items), role conflict(5 items), interpersonal relationships(6 items), visiting home environment(9 items), driving conditions(4 items) and lack of administrative support(9 items), The reliability of the scale by Cronbach's alpha was .948 and the domain's reliability ranged from .649 to .841. The result of this study could be used to measure the job stress of home care nurses. However, for further validity and reliability, repeated studies will be necessary.
Adult ; Female ; *Home Care Services, Hospital-Based ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Nurses/*psychology ; *Nursing Services ; Questionnaires ; Stress, Psychological/diagnosis/*etiology

Background: Depression is well known to be associated with nicotine dependence. Recent studies reported higher depressive score is associated with use of e-cigarettes, however, little study showed the association between depression and both cigarette dual use. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between depressive mood and conventional and electronic cigarette dual use among male adults. Methods: Data of 7,459 male adults from sixth and seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014, 2016, and 2018) were analyzed. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), current smoking status, and electronic cigarette use status were evaluated among them. The association between depressive mood and electronic cigarette use were assessed after adjusting age, education, income, alcohol, and perceived stress level using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The risk of depressive mood for dual users were also assessed. STATA 11.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA) were used. Results: The both group of e-cigarette current user or ex-user reported higher depressive scores (PHQ-9) than never-user group (never-user group 1.94±0.05, ex-user group 2.57±0.13, current user group 2.69±0.22, P<0.001). In the multivariate logistic analysis, 1 point increase of depressive mood score was associated with risk of e-cigarette current use (odds ratio [OR], 1.062; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.021-1.105) among total male adult group or conventional & electronic tobacco dual use (OR, 1.054; 95% CI, 1.012-1.098) among current smokers. Conclusions Depressive scores were positively associated with e-cigarette use or both conventional or e-cigarette use. It is necessary to evaluate and treat smoker’s depressive mood for tobacco control.

No abstract available.
Trigeminal Nerve*

Background: Depression is well known to be associated with nicotine dependence. Recent studies reported higher depressive score is associated with use of e-cigarettes, however, little study showed the association between depression and both cigarette dual use. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between depressive mood and conventional and electronic cigarette dual use among male adults. Methods: Data of 7,459 male adults from sixth and seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014, 2016, and 2018) were analyzed. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), current smoking status, and electronic cigarette use status were evaluated among them. The association between depressive mood and electronic cigarette use were assessed after adjusting age, education, income, alcohol, and perceived stress level using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The risk of depressive mood for dual users were also assessed. STATA 11.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA) were used. Results: The both group of e-cigarette current user or ex-user reported higher depressive scores (PHQ-9) than never-user group (never-user group 1.94±0.05, ex-user group 2.57±0.13, current user group 2.69±0.22, P<0.001). In the multivariate logistic analysis, 1 point increase of depressive mood score was associated with risk of e-cigarette current use (odds ratio [OR], 1.062; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.021-1.105) among total male adult group or conventional & electronic tobacco dual use (OR, 1.054; 95% CI, 1.012-1.098) among current smokers. Conclusions Depressive scores were positively associated with e-cigarette use or both conventional or e-cigarette use. It is necessary to evaluate and treat smoker’s depressive mood for tobacco control.

BACKGROUND: There were a lot of problems in the health care system of Korea, which was divided into Western and Korean Traditional Medicine since 1951. In 1976 WHO published program of The promotion and development of traditional medicine. In 1977, Korean Medical Association(KMA) asked unification of health care system to government. But there was no progress because there were the lacks of mutual respect and understanding be-tween doctors of Western and Korean Traditional Medicine. As one health care group competed with the other, so KMA proposed the unification of health system again in 1997. The objectives of this research are to analyze attitude and opinions of western medical doctors on Korean Traditional Medicine and to analyze the opinions on the unification of medical care system in Korea. METHODS: A list of western medical doctor in Seoul and Incheon was obtained from Korean Medical Association. We sampled 937 doctors by stratified random sampling method. We sent them a postal questionnaire with a prepaid return envelope two times during March and April 1997. Of the 937 questionnaire, 266 replies were received. We analyzed the preference score related referral, Korean Traditional Medicine education and unification of medical care system We analyzed the data by Chisquare test, t-test, ANCOVA. RESULTS: This study shows that the western doctors have negative attitude on Korean Traditional Medicine(M=1K8, SD=5.2). They thought Korean Traditional Medicine was not reliable because it was not scientific(79.4%). Doctor, who didn't take oriental medical education, preferred unification of health care system, but it was not statistically significant. Those who experienced oriental medical education used oriental medical treatment more frequently(F=1.17, p=0.04). The more positive attitude they have about Korean Traditional Medicine, the more frequently they refereed the patient to oriental medical doctor(t =3.57, p =0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Western medical doctors have a negative attitude on Korean Traditional Medicine. Doctors, who did not have oriental medical education, preferred unification of health care system, but it was not statistically significant. In summary, the lack of mutual respect and understanding between doctors of the Western and Korean Traditional Medicine prevent unification of medical care system.
Delivery of Health Care ; Education ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Incheon ; Korea ; Medicine, Korean Traditional* ; Medicine, Traditional ; Referral and Consultation ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the experience of becoming a father of a high risk premature infant. METHODS: Grounded theory was used for this research. The participants were 12 fathers who had premature infants lighter than 2,500g of birth weight, less than 37 weeks of gestational age and having stayed 2 weeks or longer in a NICU right after birth. Theoretical sampling was done to identify participants and indepth interviews were done for the data collection. For data analysis, the process suggested by Corbin and Strauss was used. RESULTS: For these participants the core phenomenon of the experience of becoming a father of a high risk premature infant was ‘striving through with belief and patience’. The phenomenon was ‘being frustrated in an unrealistic shock’. Contextual conditions were ‘uncertainty in the health status of the premature baby’ and ‘no one to ask for help’ and intervening conditions were ‘possibility in the health recovery of the premature baby’ and ‘assistance from significant others’. Action/interaction strategies were ‘withstanding with belief in the baby’ and ‘enduring with willpower as head of the family’ and the consequence was ‘becoming a guardian of the family’. CONCLUSION: For the participants, the process of becoming the father of a high risk premature infant was striving through the situation with belief in their babies' ability to overcome the crisis and waiting for the babies' recovery with patience.
Birth Weight ; Data Collection ; Fathers* ; Gestational Age ; Grounded Theory ; Head ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Life Change Events ; Parturition ; Qualitative Research ; Statistics as Topic