RETINOBLASTOMA is the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children; it is also one of the most highly curable pediatric solid tumors if detected early. The conventional treatment of retinoblastoma is primary enucleation. Recent research reported a trend toward decreasing frequency of enucleation in the management of retinoblastoma. The trend toward globe-sparing interventions has been largely attributed to earlier diagnosis and recent success with conservative globe-sparing treatment options. Currently, globe-sparing interventions include first-line chemotherapy or chemoreduction, subconjunctival chemotherapy, systemic chemotherapy for metastasis, transpupillary thermotherapy (TIT), chemothermotherapy (CTT), laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, brachytherapy, and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Expanded clinical options currently available have markedly decreased the overall enucleation rate for retinoblastoma CLINICAL SCENARIO: A 10-month old boy is brought to an ophthalmologist because of cats eye reflex in the left eye. The patient had undergone enucleation of his right eye for glaucomatous stage retinoblastoma 6 months earlier. Examination revealed the presence of a solitary retinal mass of about 12 mm in diameter, located nasal to the disc. There was no evidence of vitreous seeding Realizing that this was the only eye of the patient, the ophthalmologist wants to do everything humanly possible to preserve it. He has heard about chemothermotherapy (CTT) but is not sure if this was the best alternative he can offer CLINICAL QUESTION: Among patients with retinoblastoma, is chemoreduction combined with adjuvant treatment effective in preserving the globe and vision? (Author)
EYE ENUCLEATION

Objective: This study reported the demographic profile, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of retinoblastoma (RB) patients seen at Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center (JRRMMC) from January 2011 to December 2020. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study. Medical records of patients diagnosed with RB at JRRMMC from January 2011 to December 2020 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics of the participants. Results: A total of 31 confirmed RB cases were seen, with almost half residing outside Metro Manila (52%). The median age at diagnosis was 2 years, with a slight male predominance (55%). Majority (81%) of patients had unilateral presentation, with leukocoria as the most common sign (19%) prompting consult. Nearly half (43%) of 37 eyes were diagnosed as Group E using the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) system. Majority were in the advanced stage; 57% of eyes underwent enucleation and 29, 3 and 3% of patients required additional treatments such as chemotherapy, laser, and radiotherapy, respectively. RB was confirmed in 20 eyes (54%) through histopathology. Survival outcomes showed that 4 patients (13%) were alive, with either completed or ongoing treatment, and 19 (61%) did not complete prescribed management or were lost to follow-up. There were 8 (26%) known deaths. Conclusion Majority of cases were unilateral and at an advanced stage needing enucleation which may indicate low levels of awareness and screening efforts. Survival rates are difficult to ascertain due to patients abandoning treatment that may be attributed to limited social service support. The study reflects the 10-year data prior to the establishment of a collaborative, multispecialty RB team in the institution and exposes various areas that need to be addressed to improve clinical outcomes.
Retinoblastoma ; Enucleation ; Chemotherapy ; Epidemiology

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence, etiologies, demographics, and clinical presentation of enucleated pseudoretinoblastoma. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed ocular pathology records of enucleated globes with clinically diagnosed or suspected retinoblastoma submitted to a public university ocular pathology laboratory from 2013 to 2018. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections of pseudoretinoblastoma cases were reevaluated, and additional clinical data were taken from hospital charts. Results: Of the 211 enucleated eyes with clinically diagnosed or suspected retinoblastoma, 202 (95.7%) had histologically confirmed retinoblastoma, while 9 (4.3%) had pseudoretinoblastoma. The most common ocular conditions mimicking retinoblastoma were retinal dysplasia (2 eyes) and persistent fetal vasculature (2 eyes). The pseudoretinoblastoma group consisted of 4 females and 5 males, and enucleated were 6 right eyes and 3 left eyes. The mean age at the time of enucleation was 3.65 years, and the mean symptom duration was 17.36 months. Leukocoria, which was noted in 4 patients, was the most frequent initial symptom. No significant difference between the pseudoretinoblastoma group and the retinoblastoma group were found in terms of sex, laterality of the enucleated eye, age at the time of enucleation, and symptom duration. Conclusion In this retrospective review, the prevalence of pseudoretinoblastoma in enucleated globes clinically suspected or diagnosed with retinoblastoma was 4.3%. Persistent fetal vasculature and retinal dysplasia were the most common pseudoretinoblastomas. Clinicians should perform a thorough clinical evaluation and judiciously utilize the available diagnostic means to differentiate retinoblastoma from pseudoretinoblastoma.
eye enucleation ; retinal dysplasia ; retinoblastoma

Objective: Recently, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) has been established as one method of endoscopic surgery for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). The purpose of our study was to assess initial clinical experiences with HoLEP at our hospital.;Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 28 patients with obstructive symptoms due to BPH who underwent HoLEP during the 13 months between February 2004 and March 2005.;Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.4 years (range 59 to 78 years). The mean enucleation tissue weight was 24.3 g (range 2 to 95 g), and the average operation time was 94.1 minutes (range 40 to 268 minutes). The mean duration of postoperative catheterization was 3.4 days (range 1 to 6 days). The mean urine flow rate improved, and each patient's satisfaction for voiding, measured on a 5-point scale, was good. There were no major complications during the operations except one case, which was completed with TUR-P because of uncontrollable bleeding. No patients required transfusions. Long-term complications included five cases of stress incontinence (19%), four of urethral stricture (14%), and three temporary retention, two of which required re-catheterization (10%).;Conclusion: HoLEP can be performed without major intraoperative complications. It is an effective treatment for obstructive symptoms due to BPH. However, there are many postoperative problems that must be resolved, including stress incontinence and urethral stricture because of our lack of experience, with HoLEP.
Enucleation ; Prostatic Hypertrophy, Benign ; Complications Specific to Antepartum or Postpartum ; Lasers ; Holmium

Eye Enucleation ; Humans ; Infant ; Retinal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Retinoblastoma ; surgery ; Vitrectomy

Self-enucleation represents an extreme but fortunately rare form of deliberate self-harm. Case reports of patients who self-enucleate reveal some common features. A case of auto-enucleation in a young schizophrenic patient and a short discussion on deliberate self-harm are presented.
Adult ; Eye Enucleation ; Female ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Schizophrenia ; complications ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Self-Injurious Behavior

Purpose: To combine the advantage of porosity and biocompatibility of Biphasic Tricalcium Phosphate implant with Muscle Resection Methodology: Non-randomized, uncontrolled clinical case series Results: No migration or extrusion was observed. With improved muscle resection, socket and prosthesis mobility were noted. (Author)
Human ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; EYE ENUCLEATION ; PROSTHESIS ; IMPLANTS ; ORBITAL IMPLANTS ; ARTIFICIAL IMPLANTS

PURPOSE: Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in children. Although systemic chemotherapy has been the primary treatment, intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) represents a new treatment option. Here, we performed alternate systemic chemotherapy and IAC and retrospectively reviewed the efficacy and safety of this approach. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with intraocular RB between January 2000 and December 2011 at Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University, were reviewed. Before February 2010, the primary treatment for RB was chemotherapy (non-IAC/CTX). Since February 2010, the primary treatment for RB has been IAC (IAC/CTX). External beam radiotherapy or high-dose chemotherapy were used as "last resort" treatments just prior to enucleation at the time of progression or recurrence during primary treatment. Enucleation-free survival (EFS) and progression-free survival were assessed. RESULTS: We examined 19 patients (median age, 11.9 months; range, 1.4 to 75.6 months) with a sum of 25 eyes, of which, 60.0% were at advanced Reese Ellsworth (RE) stages. The enucleation rate was 33.3% at early RE stages and 81.8% at advanced RE stages (P=0.028). At 36 months, EFS was significantly higher in the IAC/CTX group than in the non-IAC/CTX group (100% vs. 40.0%, P=0.016). All 5 patients treated with IAC achieved eye preservation, although most patients were at advanced RE stages (IV-V). CONCLUSION: Despite the limitation of a small sample size, our work shows that an alternative combined approach using IAC and CTX may be safe and effective for eye preservation in advanced RB.
Child ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Eye ; Eye Enucleation ; Humans ; Infusions, Intra-Arterial ; Recurrence ; Retinoblastoma ; Retrospective Studies ; Sample Size

Calcium-binding proteins play an important role in the protection, differentiation, and reorganization of the central nervous system. The effects of neonatal retinal deafferentiation on calretinin, and tracing of retinotectal pathway were examined immunohistochemically in the superficial layer of the rat superior colliculus. Tracing with cholera toxin was revealed on the superior colliculus contralateral to the ocular injection. On the contralateral side of superior colliculus, the calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) cells were dramatically increased, calretinin-IR fibers were markedly decreased in the superficial layer. These results show that retinal deafferentation results in an increase of calretinin-immunoreactive cells within the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, which suggest reorganization of neurons in superior colliculus.
Animals ; Calbindin 2 ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Central Nervous System ; Cholera Toxin ; Eye Enucleation* ; Neurons ; Rats* ; Retinaldehyde ; Superior Colliculi

Schwannomas rarely present as intraocular tumors and are often misdiagnosed as malignant melanoma. We describe a choroidal schwannoma confirmed by sclerouvectomy. A 30-year-old woman presented with a large nonpigmented intraocular mass of the choroid in the right eye and underwent surgical excision by sclerouvectomy. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a mixture of cellular solid components (Antoni A) and loose myxoid components (Antoni B). The tumor was eventually diagnosed as a schwannoma. Currently available ancillary studies are still of little value in definitively differentiating schwannomas from other choroidal tumors. In the case of atypical findings for a malignant melanoma, a benign neoplasm should be included in the differential diagnosis. This patient avoided enucleation by first having the mass excised. We are unaware of previous reports in which a choroidal schwannoma was diagnosed by surgical excision.
Adult ; Choroid/*pathology ; Choroid Neoplasms/*diagnosis/surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Eye Enucleation/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurilemmoma/*diagnosis/surgery