Objective: To develop RT-nPCR assays for amplifying partial and complete VP1 genes of human enteroviruses (HEVs) from clinical samples and to contribute to etiological surveillance of HEV-related diseases. Methods: A panel of RT-nPCR assays, consisting of published combined primer pairs for VP1 genes of HEV A-C and in-house designed primers for HEV-D, was established in this study. The sensitivity of each RT-nPCR assay was evaluated with serially diluted virus stocks of five serotypes expressed as CCID Results: The sensitivity of RT-nPCR assays for amplifying partial VP1 gene of HEVs was 0.1 CCID Conclusion This RT-nPCR system is capable of amplifying the partial and complete VP1 gene of HEV A-D, providing rapid, sensitive, and reliable options for molecular typing and molecular epidemiology of HEVs in clinical specimens.
Capsid Proteins/genetics* ; Enterovirus A, Human/genetics* ; Enterovirus B, Human/genetics* ; Enterovirus C, Human/genetics* ; Enterovirus D, Human/genetics* ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology/methods* ; Molecular Typing/methods* ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods*

A retrospective surveillance study on enterovirus D68 was performed in Beijing, China, following the largest and most widespread EV-D68 infection, which occurred in the USA. From January 2011 to July 2015, EV-D68 was identified in 12 individuals with respiratory infections in Beijing, China. The phylogenetic relationships based on the genomic sequence alignment showed that there were two lineages circulating in Beijing from 2011 to 2015. Eight EV-D68 strains belonged to group 1 and four belonged to group 3. All EV-D68 strains from Beijing in 2014 were separately clustered into subgroup II of group 1. Based on these results, we concluded that the Beijing EV-D68 strains had little association with the EV-D68 strains circulating in the 2014 USA outbreak.
Adolescent ; Aged ; Beijing ; epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enterovirus D, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Retrospective Studies

Acute viral conjunctivitis was known as an infectious disease affected by various viruses and characterized seasonal variation, prevalent especially in summer. In Korea, the clinic loepidemiologic study of AVC was not conclusive. Therefore, further research should be conducted to improve the primary health care and the application of diffrential diagnosis and its therapy. Clinical symptoms and signs of 131 patients who was confirmed viral conjunctivitis among 237 patients was evaluated at the Chung-Ang University Hospital in 1987, 1989 and 1990. Along with physical examination, specimens from the conjunctival swab were cultured and isolated, and a sereologic test-Neutralizing test for enterovirus 70, and complement fixation test for adenovirus-was performed. As a result, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis was relatively epidemic in 1987 and 1990 (67.7 and 47.1 %), and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in 1989 (91.8%).
Communicable Diseases ; Complement Fixation Tests ; Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic ; Conjunctivitis, Viral* ; Diagnosis ; Enterovirus D, Human ; Humans ; Keratoconjunctivitis ; Korea ; Physical Examination ; Primary Health Care ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo analyze the genetic characterization of enterovirus type71 (EV71) associated with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics in Jilin province, during 2009-2010.

METHODSRandomly selected 31 representative EV71 strains from the cases of 8 prefectures to amplify and sequences of VP1 genes of EV71 strains, and analyzed with Bioedit and Mega4.0 program.

RESULTSAll representative 31 EV71 strains belong to C4a subgenotype, the homology of nucleotide in VP1 region among the 31 EV71 strains were 94. 5%-100. 0%, and were clustered into 5 transmission chains respectively. 25 strains out of 31 strains were associated with a predominant transmission chain, and circulating in 8 prefectures, while other 6 strains clustered into 4 lineages.

CONCLUSIONMultiple transmission chains of EV71 C4a subgenotype were co-circulating in Jilin province during 2009-2010, and a predominant transmission chain was circulating in 8 prefectures, associated with HFMD outbreaks of Jilin province.

China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterovirus D, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Feces ; virology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny

To understand the structure of the soluble region of Enterovirus 68 3A protein, we construct a prokaryotic expression vector expressing the soluble region of EV-D68 3A protein, and identify the forms of expression product after purification. The EV-D68 3A(1-61) gene was amplified by PCR and then cloned into the expression vector pET-28a-His-SUMO. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 induced by IPTG to express the fusion protein His-SUMO-3A(1-61). The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA Agarose and cleaved by ULP Protease to remove His-SUMO tag. After that, the target protein 3A(1-61) was purified by a series of purification methods such as Ni-NTA, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromato- graphy. Chemical cross-linking reaction assay was taken to determine the multiple polymerization state of the 3A soluble region. A prokaryotic expression vector pET28a-His-SUMO-3A(1-61) expressing the solution region of EV-D68 3A was successfully constructed and plenty of highly pure target proteins were obtained by multiple purification steps . The total protein amount was about 5 mg obtained from 1L Escherichia coli BL21 with purity > 95%. At the same time, those results determined the homomultimer form of soluble 3A construct. These data demonstrated that the expression and purification system of the soluble region of 3A were successfully set up and provide some basic konwledge for the research about 3A crystal structure and the development of antiviral drugs targeted at 3A to block viral replication.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Enterovirus D, Human ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sequence Alignment ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism