Child ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Enterovirus Infections ; Humans

Enterovirus ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Humans ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

The environmental water samples assayed by total culturable virus assay (TCVA) were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) method for enteroviruses and reovirus since they are the usually detected virus groups by culture assays. The detection sensitivities of the TCVA, RT-PCR, and ICC-PCR were compared and the overall reliability of the detection was analyzed to confirm environmental samples for enteric viruses. A total of eight samples from different areas was analyzed by performing TCVA, RT-PCR, and ICC-PCR. Virus concentrations in surface water samples ranged from 1.03 to 47.3 most probable numbers of infectious units (MPN) per 100 liters. When primers specific for both enteroviruses and reoviruses were used in both RT-PCR and ICC-PCR, all the samples (100%) were positive for the viruses. Reoviruses were the most frequently detected ones among the samples. According to the sequence results of enteroviruses, five of the samples were contaminated by coxsackievirus type B3, and the rest by coxsackievirus type B6, echovirus type 30, or vaccine strain poliovirus type 3. It was observed that both enteroviruses and reoviruses were detected concurrently in all CPE-positive environmental water samples.
Enterovirus B, Human ; Enterovirus* ; Poliovirus ; Water*

The environmental water samples assayed by total culturable virus assay (TCVA) were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) method for enteroviruses and reovirus since they are the usually detected virus groups by culture assays. The detection sensitivities of the TCVA, RT-PCR, and ICC-PCR were compared and the overall reliability of the detection was analyzed to confirm environmental samples for enteric viruses. A total of eight samples from different areas was analyzed by performing TCVA, RT-PCR, and ICC-PCR. Virus concentrations in surface water samples ranged from 1.03 to 47.3 most probable numbers of infectious units (MPN) per 100 liters. When primers specific for both enteroviruses and reoviruses were used in both RT-PCR and ICC-PCR, all the samples (100%) were positive for the viruses. Reoviruses were the most frequently detected ones among the samples. According to the sequence results of enteroviruses, five of the samples were contaminated by coxsackievirus type B3, and the rest by coxsackievirus type B6, echovirus type 30, or vaccine strain poliovirus type 3. It was observed that both enteroviruses and reoviruses were detected concurrently in all CPE-positive environmental water samples.
Enterovirus B, Human ; Enterovirus* ; Poliovirus ; Water*

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) among people ≥6 years old in Beijing from 2011 to 2020. Methods: The incidence data of HFMD cases from 2011 to 2020 were collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of China Information for Disease Control and Prevention and the etiological surveillance of HFMD in 29 sentinel hospitals from 16 districts of Beijing. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distributions, pathogen constituents, and changes of HFMD cases in Beijing people ≥6 years old. Results: From 2011 to 2020, a total of 38 183 cases of HFMD were reported among people ≥6 years old in Beijing, of which 46 (0.12%) cases were severe. The average annual reported incidence was 19.04/100 000. The ratio of males to females were 1.37∶1(22 064∶16 119). The proportion of HFMD in people ≥6 years old increased from 7.56%(2 606/34 488) in 2011 to 24.54% (546/2 225) in 2020. The average incidence of HFMD was higher in Shunyi district, Yanqing district, and Tongzhou district than in other districts in Beijing. The positive rate of enterovirus in sentinel surveillance was 66.78% (1 976/2 959), the proportion of enterovirus group A 71 (EV-A71) was 45.29% (101/223) in 2014, no EV-A71 positive was detected in 2020, and the proportion of Coxsackievirus A 6 (CV-A6) increased from 15.11% (34/225) in 2016 to 81.08% (60/74) in 2020. Conclusions: From 2011 to 2020, the proportion of cases with HFMD in people ≥6 years old in Beijing increased yearly, and the proportion of EV-A71 positive patients decreased basically. Since 2016, CV-A6 has gradually become the dominant pathogen. More attention should be paid to the epidemic situation and dynamic pathogen changes of hand foot mouth disease in people ≥6 years old.
Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology* ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

Echovirus 30 is one of the distinct serotypes of enteroviruses and commonly isolated agent causing sporadic to large outbreaks with aseptic meningitis in many regions over the world. Recently, an outbreak of echovirus 30 associated with aseptic meningitis occurred in Korea in 2008. In order to analyze echovirus 30 in Korea, the virus was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid samples of a male patient with aseptic meningitis and its genome sequence was determined. The sequence of Korean echovirus 30 isolate was compared with those of reference strains (Bastianni, FDJS03-84, zhejiang-17-03, 14916net87). At the nucleotide level, the P1 region (84.8~89.0%) had the highest identity value; at the amino acid level, the P3 region (97.0~98.5%) showed the highest value. When the cleavage sites were compared, most sites were identical except those between VP1 and 2A; the Bastianni stain had TT/GA, whereas the other four strains contained NT/GA. The China strains (FDJS03-84 and zhejiang-17-03) were grouped together and the other strains were distinct from each branch in the phylogenetic tree based on the complete genome sequences.
China ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Genome ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Sequence Analysis ; Viruses

Most human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections present with mild conditions such as hand-foot-mouth disease or herpangina. However, EV71 can invade the central nervous system, causing neurologic diseases such as brainstem encephalitis, meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis despite the near complete eradication of polioviruses. Neurological complications from EV71 infection occur within a few days and can lead to death even though rare. There is no report for EV71 infection with severe neurological manifestation in Jeju Island so far. We therefore report a case of EV 71 infection with bilateral acute flaccid paralysis for the first time in Jeju Island with review of related articles.
Brain Stem ; Central Nervous System ; Encephalitis ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Herpangina ; Meningitis ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Paralysis ; Poliovirus

PURPOSE: Enteroviruses (EVs) are commonly known to cause infection, especially in infants and children. This report presents an overview of enterovirus epidemiology in central Korea. METHODS: From the spring of 2005 to the autumn of 2006, we collected the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and stool samples from the pediatric patients with a febrile illness or suspected meningitis who were admitted to hospitals in central Korea. In order to test for EVs, cell lines were derived from pretreated susceptible specimen, and the cytopathic effects were observed. Seminested real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and direct sequencing were performed for genotypic and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS: Of the 305 patients examined, 51 (16.7%) tested positive for EV. Of these 51 patients, 44 showed the following serotypes: Echovirus (ECV) 18 (18 cases, 35.2%), Coxsackievirus B (CVB) 5 (13 cases, 25.4%), ECV25 (5 cases, 9.8%), ECV9 (4 cases, 7.8%), ECV5 (3 cases, 5.8%), and EV74 (1 case, 1.9%). In 2005, between June and August, ECV18 and CVB5 were mostly responsible for the enteroviral infections among the patients in central Korea. In 2006, between July and August, ECV25 was mostly the cause of enteroviral infection. Conclusions: There is a need for continuous surveillance of enteroviral infection and its clinical manifestations, particularly for EV74, which was first identified in Korea.
Cell Line ; Child ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Meningitis

PURPOSE: Enteroviruses (EVs) are commonly known to cause infection, especially in infants and children. This report presents an overview of enterovirus epidemiology in central Korea. METHODS: From the spring of 2005 to the autumn of 2006, we collected the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and stool samples from the pediatric patients with a febrile illness or suspected meningitis who were admitted to hospitals in central Korea. In order to test for EVs, cell lines were derived from pretreated susceptible specimen, and the cytopathic effects were observed. Seminested real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and direct sequencing were performed for genotypic and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS: Of the 305 patients examined, 51 (16.7%) tested positive for EV. Of these 51 patients, 44 showed the following serotypes: Echovirus (ECV) 18 (18 cases, 35.2%), Coxsackievirus B (CVB) 5 (13 cases, 25.4%), ECV25 (5 cases, 9.8%), ECV9 (4 cases, 7.8%), ECV5 (3 cases, 5.8%), and EV74 (1 case, 1.9%). In 2005, between June and August, ECV18 and CVB5 were mostly responsible for the enteroviral infections among the patients in central Korea. In 2006, between July and August, ECV25 was mostly the cause of enteroviral infection. Conclusions: There is a need for continuous surveillance of enteroviral infection and its clinical manifestations, particularly for EV74, which was first identified in Korea.
Cell Line ; Child ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Meningitis

OBJECTIVETo study the characteristics of the chest X-ray images in children infected with enterovirus 71.

METHODSA total of 120 children with enterovirus 71 infection between April, 2010 and July, 2011 were classified into three groups according to the disease condition: mild (31 cases), severe (43 cases) and life-threatening (46 cases). The period from the onset of clinical symptoms to the first chest X-ray imaging examination and the results of the first chest X-ray findings were compared among the three groups.

RESULTSThe period from the onset of clinical symptoms to the first chest X-ray imaging examination in the mild, severe and life-threatening groups was 26-48 hrs (median 37 hrs), 10-36 h (median 23 hrs) and 2-36 hrs (median 19 hrs) respectively. Chest X-ray abnormalities were initially observed at 30 hrs after the onset of clinical symptoms in the mild group, at 23 hrs in the severe group and at 2 hrs in the life-threatening group (P<0.01). The mild group presented an initial imaging abnormality rate of 5.8%, the severe group 81.3% and the life-threatening group 100%. The life-threatening group showed a significantly higher initial X-ray abnormality rate than the other two groups (P<0.01). In terms of chest X-ray performance, the mild group usually presented lung marking thickening or vagueness. Most children in the severe group presented lung effusion and consolidation. Signs of pulmonary edema were found in the life-threatening group, and lesions in the life-threatening group were characterized by wide distribution and many lung lobe involvements.

CONCLUSIONSThe interval between the onset of clinical symptoms and the initial chest X-ray examination, the period of time of, and the onset of clinical symptoms, at which chest X-ray abnormalities, the abnormality rate and the severity of chest X-ray findings may be paralleled to the clinical situation in children with enterovirus 71 infection.