No abstract available.
Aeromonas* ; Enterotoxins*

No abstract available.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli* ; Enterotoxins*

No abstract available.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli* ; Enterotoxins*

No abstract available.
Cholera* ; Enterotoxins* ; Korea* ; Vibrio cholerae* ; Vibrio*

No abstract available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; Signal Transduction*

Claudin proteins are the most crucial components of tight junctions, and play an essential role in maintaining cell polarity, regulating cell permeability and the intercellular ion. In recent years, many studies have shown that abnormality of claudins expression is implicated in the tumor progression. The expression correlates with tumor prognosis and can serve as a biomarker of prognosis and potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding claudin dysregulation in cancer and highlights the progress in claudin-based treatments.
Claudins ; therapeutic use ; Enterotoxins ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Tight Junctions

No abstract available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression* ; Humans* ; Intestinal Mucosa*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Atopic dermatitis(AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a high incidence in early childhood. Staphylococcus aureus(SA) is found at high concentrations in over 90% of AD skin lesions compared with 5-37% of age-matched controls. SA isolates from AD subjects have a high prevalence(37-57%) of superantigen-producing strains. And staphylococcal enterotoxin B(SEB) has been shown to induce inflammatory reactions following application to intact skin of normal and atopic subjects. These findings suggest that SA toxin produced by SA may be linked with initiation or aggravation of AD, but the role of satphylococcal enterotoxin to the T cell in the pathogenesis of AD has not been determined clearly. This study was conducted to determine whether staphylococcal enterotoxin might have a role as a superantigen in the pathogenesis of AD. Materials and Method: We investigated the proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC) from 8 patients with AD and 10 age-matched normal controls. We also assessed T cell markers and T cell receptor(TCR) Vbeta chain expression by flow cytometry with and without SEB stimulation. RESULTS: PBMC from AD patients showed increased proliferation to SEB 100 pg/ml and 1000 pg/ml compared to controls. There were no differences of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells after SEB stimulation between the two groups. And there were also no differences of TCR Vbeta2(+) and TCR Vbeta8(+) cells with and without SEB stimulation, but TCR Vbeta17(+) cells were increased after SEB stimulation not only in AD patients but also in controls compared to culture without SEB. The expressions of TCR Vbeta17 chain of CD3(+) and CD4(+) cells after SEB stimulation were increased in AD patients compared to controls. Furthermore, there was positive correlation between the enhanced PBMC proliferative responses to SEB and increased expressions of SEB reactive TCR Vbeta17(+)/CD4(+) cells in AD patients and controls. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that SEB is important in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and also provide evidence that the increased use of certain TCR Vbeta families is of functional significance.
Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Enterotoxins* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Incidence ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Staphylococcus

Protein tyrosine phosphatase-22 (PTPN22) gene encodes lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (Lyp), an inhibitor of T cell activation. A polymorphism of the PTPN22 gene has been found to be associated with chronic urticaria (CU). We investigated the associations between PTPN22 gene polymorphisms and CU characteristics, including serum specific IgE antibodies response to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). CU patients (n=409) and normal healthy controls (n=388) were enrolled in the present study. Serum specific IgE to TSST-1 and SEA were measured by ImmunoCAP(R). Five PTPN22 single nucleotide polymorphisms, -1123G>C, 1858C>T, 13145A>G, 14943C>T, and 20628A>G, were genotyped. There were no significant differences in genotype or haplotype frequencies of these polymorphisms between the 2 groups. CU patients carrying the GG genotype at 20628A>G (P=0.035) or haplotype 3 [GGG] (P=0.047) had a significantly higher prevalence of serum specific IgE to TSST-1 compared to non-carriers. Similarly, CT/TT genotype at 14943C>T had a significantly higher prevalence of serum specific IgE to SEA (P=0.045). The findings suggest that the PTPN22 gene polymorphisms at 20628A>G and 14943C>T may enhance serum specific IgE responses to TSST-1 and SEA, which may contribute to CU pathogenesis.
Antibodies ; Enterotoxins ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E* ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prevalence ; Shock, Septic ; Superantigens* ; Tyrosine ; Urticaria*

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobe responsible for a wide range of diseases in animals and humans. Symptoms associated with C. perfringens food poisoning are caused by enterotoxin expressed only during sporulation of C. perfringens. It has been known that only 6% of global C. perfringens isolates carry the enterotoxin gene. We found 2 strains of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens out of 33 strains isolated from various sources in Korea using PCR. It was also found that these two strains were both type A that were strongly associated with food poisoning by checking the presence of four major lethal toxins (a-, B-, e-, l-toxin) using PCR. These results suggest that foodborne illness caused by C. perfringens may be common in Korea and that public education is necessary to prevent contamination of foods by this organism.
Animals ; Clostridium perfringens* ; Clostridium* ; Education ; Enterotoxins* ; Foodborne Diseases ; Humans ; Korea* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction