OBJECTIVEThis study was conducted to determine the value of the radiographic assessment scale in the diagnosis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, and as measured by need for surgery.

METHODSA total of 61 neonates were classified into three groups according to the Bell's Staging Criteria: NECⅠ(n=25), NECⅡ(n=11) and NEC Ⅲ(n=25). Data on gestational age at birth, gender, birth weight, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of the patients were collected. Radiographic assessment scale scores were evaluated by a pediatric radiologist.

RESULTSRadiographic assessment scale scores in the NECⅠ, NECⅡand NEC Ⅲ groups were 3.2±1.4, 5.3±1.7 and 8.9±1.7, respectively (P<0.05). The score was highest in the NEC Ⅲ group and lowest in the NECⅠgroup. Based on the different therapies, the NEC Ⅲ group was subdivided into operative and non-operative groups. Radiographic assessment scale scores in the two subgroups were 8.71±1.86 and 9.36±1.21 respectively (P>0.05). Radiographic assessment scale scores in neonates with intestinal perforation (9.6±1.1) were higher than in those with intestinal necrosis (6.8±1.8) (P<0.05). The majority of patients (80%) who underwent operation had radiographic assessment scale scores above 7. The effective rate was 96% and 64% respectively in the NECⅠand the NECⅡ groups. Of the children in the NECⅢ group, the cure rate was 71% in the operative group, and the effective rate was 9% in the non-operative group.

CONCLUSIONSThe radiographic assessment scale may be used to evaluate the severity of disease in neonates with NEC. Patients with a score on the radiographic assessment scale above 7 have indications for surgical intervention and have better short-term treatment response rates.

Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; diagnostic imaging ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Prognosis ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo study the risk factors for prognosis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 82 neonates with NEC confirmed between January 2008 and October 2012. The possible prognostic factors in NEC were investigated by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSIn the 82 cases of NEC, the cure rate decreased with the aggravation of condition (P<0.05). The preterm infants had a significantly higher incidence of NEC than the full-term infants at three or more weeks after birth (P=0.004). The univariate analysis showed that the prognosis of NEC was related to the factors such as sepsis, congenital heart disease, scleredema, peritonitis, metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, leukocyte disorder, thrombocytopenia, elevated C-reactive protein, and severe abdominal X-ray abnormalities (P<0.05), and the further logistic regression analysis revealed that congenital heart disease, scleredema, and metabolic acidosis were main risk factors for the clinical outcome of NEC (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe onset time of NEC is correlated with gestational age in neonates. There are multiple prognostic factors in NEC; special attention should be paid to the patients with congenital heart disease, scleredema, and metabolic acidosis so that early intervention is performed to reduce mortality.

Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; mortality ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal disease of neonates, especially of preterm infants, with high morbidity and mortality. The surviving infants may have digestive tract and neurological sequelae. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of NEC are of great significance in improving survival rate and survival quality of neonates. To provide evidence-based recommendations for management of NEC, the guidelines were developed based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and the current domestic and overseas studies.
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/therapy* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; Infant, Premature

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), with the main manifestations of bloody stool, abdominal distension, and vomiting, is one of the leading causes of death in neonates, and early identification and diagnosis are crucial for the prognosis of NEC. The emergence and development of machine learning has provided the potential for early, rapid, and accurate identification of this disease. This article summarizes the algorithms of machine learning recently used in NEC, analyzes the high-risk predictive factors revealed by these algorithms, evaluates the ability and characteristics of machine learning in the etiology, definition, and diagnosis of NEC, and discusses the challenges and prospects for the future application of machine learning in NEC.
Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/therapy* ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; Prognosis ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/diagnosis* ; Machine Learning

Typhlitis is a necrotizing enterocolitis of the cecum, ascending colon and terminal ileum. Typhlits has been reported in the severely neutropenic patients and likely results from a combination of neutropenia and defects in the bowel mucosa related to cytotoxic chemotherapy. This disease is most common in patients with leukemia who have undergone intensive myeloablative chemotherapy. Presumptive diagnostic criteria for typhlitis include fever, abdominal pain and tenderness, and radiologic evidence of right-sided colonic inflammation in patients with neutropenia. Recently, this disease is also reported in patients with solid tumor due to increasing challenges of high dose chemotherapy. We report a case of typhlitis developed in the circumstance of neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in a patient with malignant testicular tumor.
Abdominal Pain ; Cecum ; Colon ; Colon, Ascending ; Drug Therapy* ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; Fever ; Humans ; Ileum ; Inflammation ; Leukemia ; Mucous Membrane ; Neutropenia ; Typhlitis*

Erythropoientin (Epo), a glycoprotein hormone, plays an important role in erythropoiesis and neuroprotection. Recently,Epo is also considered to have protective effects against hyperoxic lung injury, retinopathy of prematurity and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Recombinant human erythropietin (rhEpo) as Epo gene cloning drug has been widely used in neonatal clinical practice.
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; drug therapy ; Erythropoietin ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; drug therapy ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; drug therapy ; Recombinant Proteins ; therapeutic use ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; drug therapy

The use of caffeine citrate for treatment of apnea in very low birth weight infants showed short-term and long-term benefits. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was undertaken to document the effect providing caffeine early (0-2 days of life) compared to providing caffeine late (> or =3 days of life) in very low birth weight infants on several neonatal outcomes, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We searched MEDLINE, the EMBASE database, the Cochrane Library, and KoreaMed for this meta-analysis. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Jadad's scale. Studies were included if they examined the effect of the early use of caffeine compared with the late use of caffeine. Two reviewers screened the candidate articles and extracted the data from the full-text of all of the included studies. We included a total of 59,136 participants (range 58,997-59,136; variable in one study) from a total of 5 studies. The risk of death (odds ratio [OR], 0.902; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.828 to 0.983; P=0.019), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (OR, 0.507; 95% CI, 0.396 to 0.648; P<0.001), and BPD or death (OR, 0.526; 95% CI, 0.384 to 0.719; P<0.001) were lower in the early caffeine group. Early caffeine use was not associated with a risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and NEC requiring surgery. This meta-analysis suggests that early caffeine use has beneficial effects on neonatal outcomes, including mortality and BPD, without increasing the risk of NEC.
Apnea/*drug therapy ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/drug therapy ; Caffeine/*administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Citrates/*administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo quantitatively assess the association between transfusions and the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonates.

METHODBoth Chinese and English literature published from Jan. 1985 to Nov. 2011 about the case-control study of the association between transfusions and neonatal NEC were retrieved by searching the electronic resource databases. A meta-analysis was then performed on the comparison and synthesis of findings from included studies. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using RevMan 5.0 software. Sensitivity analysis was conducted and possible publication bias was tested as well.

RESULTA total of 7 case-control studies (480 blood transfusion cases, 2845 control cases) were included. The meta-analysis with a random-effects model found a pooled OR of 3.35 (95% CI: 1.54-7.27). Sensitivity analysis showed that OR for post-transfusion NEC within 48 h was 4.21 (95% CI: 2.17-8.16). The OR was 4.29 (95% CI: 1.39-13.24) after factors such as gestational age and birth weight were de-confounded. The fail-safe number was 263.

CONCLUSIONBlood transfusion can increase the risk of NEC in neonates. The clinical application of this conclusion should be cautious due to limited reports. High-quality randomized control trials are still needed for the further proof of the association between blood transfusion and neonatal NEC.

Bias ; Case-Control Studies ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology ; therapy ; Infant, Premature ; Literature Based Discovery ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Transfusion Reaction

INTRODUCTIONExtremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants (i.e. preterm infants weighing < 1,000 g) often present with morphofunctional multiple organ immaturity. This study aimed to determine whether early enteral feeding improves digestive tolerance, and whether there is a difference in growth between ELBW infants who were fed with formula and those who were fed with breast milk.

METHODSThis study was conducted from 2012-2013 and involved 34 ELBW infants from the Preterm Neonatology Clinic of the 'Louis Turcanu' Clinical Children's Hospital Timisoara, Romania. Early enteral nutrition was introduced for all the infants - Group I was fed with formula, while Group II was fed with breast milk. Infants in each group were given their designated type of milk (formula/breast milk), using the same feeding method and the same volume rate advancement. They were monitored for any evidence of digestive intolerance (i.e. clinical signs of infection and necrotising enterocolitis [NEC]). Their growth curves and signs of infection were also monitored.

RESULTSThe average weight gained per week was greater among the infants in Group II than in Group I (120.83 g vs 97.27 g). The incidence of infection was 100% in Group I and 66.6% in Group II. Two of the infants in Group I developed NEC.

CONCLUSIONEarly enteral feeding helped to improve the weight of ELBW infants. Breast milk was more effective than formula at improving the weight of these infants. Feeding with formula increased the incidence of NEC, invasive infection and morbidity among ELBW infants.

Body Weight ; Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; growth & development ; Male ; Milk, Human ; Romania ; Weight Gain

OBJECTIVEBased on the observation that coagulation necrosis occurs in the majority of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) patients, it is clear that intestinal ischemia is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of NEC. However, the published studies regarding the role of intestinal ischemia in NEC are controversial. The aim of this paper is to review the current studies regarding intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction and NEC, and try to elucidate the exact role of intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction in NEC.

DATA SOURCESThe studies cited in this review were mainly obtained from articles listed in Medline and PubMed. The search terms used were "intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction" and "neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis".

STUDY SELECTIONMainly original milestone articles and critical reviews written by major pioneer investigators in the field were selected.

RESULTSImmature regulatory control of mesentery circulation makes the neonatal intestinal microvasculature vulnerable. When neonates are subjected to stress, endothelial cell dysfunction occurs and results in vasoconstriction of arterioles, inflammatory cell infiltration and activation in venules, and endothelial barrier disruption in capillaries. The compromised vasculature increases circulation resistance and therefore decreases intestinal perfusion, and may eventually progress to intestinal necrosis.

CONCLUSIONIntestinal ischemia plays an important role through the whole course of NEC. New therapeutic agents targeting intestinal ischemia, like HB-EGF, are promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of NEC.

Endothelin-1 ; physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular ; physiopathology ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; drug therapy ; etiology ; pathology ; Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; therapeutic use ; Intestines ; blood supply ; Ischemia ; complications ; Microcirculation ; physiology ; Nitric Oxide ; physiology ; Splanchnic Circulation