Although considerable clinical problems were solved by parenteral nutrition since 1960s, because of the risk of infectious and metabolic complications and advance in feeding tube placement, feeding methods, and artificial ingredient nutrients, enteral nutrition from 400 years ago has been brought to attention again. This review article is aimed to illustrate the issues related to enteral tube feeding in esophageal surgery.
Enteral Nutrition ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans

Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Humans ; Intestines ; pathology ; physiopathology

Enteral nutrition is the preferred way of clinical nutrition support, especially in critical ill patients. Establishment and maintenance of an appropriate way should be considered to ensure the safety and effectiveness of enteral nutrition support.
Critical Illness ; Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Humans

Pediatric patients require specialized attention and have diverse demands for proper growth and development, and thus need a different approach and interest in nutritional assessment and supply. Enteral nutrition is the most basic and important method of nutritional intervention, and its indications should be identified. Also, the sites, modes, types, and timing of nutritional intervention according to the patient's condition should be determined. In addition, various complications associated with enteral nutrition supply should be identified, and prevention and treatment are required. This approach to enteral nutrition and proper administration can help in the proper growth and recovery of pediatric patients with nutritional imbalances or nutritional needs.
Child ; Enteral Nutrition ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; Methods ; Nutrition Assessment

Since it was described in 1980, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has been a widely used method for insertion of a gastrostomy tube in overseas patients who are unable to swallow or maintain adequate nutrition. PEG should be considered when enteral feeding is necessary for longer than 3-4 weeks in difficulty eating patients. However, this method is still not widely used in China. This article describes the indications and benefits of this method. Its possible risks, limitations, contraindications, and complications should also be considered in patients with severe diseases.
Enteral Nutrition ; instrumentation ; Gastroscopy ; methods ; Gastrostomy ; methods ; Humans ; Time Factors

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a well-established microinvasive procedure to provide enteral nutrition for various patients. Anesthetic intervention during PEG not only make patient feel painless but also help to guarantee the safety of patient by anesthetic monitoring. This article summarizes the recent advances in anesthetic techniques, drugs, and monitoring practices for patients under PEG.
Anesthesia ; methods ; Anesthetics ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Gastroscopy ; methods ; Gastrostomy ; methods ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo assess the application of ultrathin transnasal gastroscopy in transnasal percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (nPEG) in patients with trimus and/or pharyngeal narrowing.

METHODSNine consecutive patients underwent PEG with the Introducer method using conventional gastroscopy (5 cases) or ultrathin transnasal gastroscopy (4 cases). Among the 4 patients undergoing nPEG, 3 received radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer, including two with trimus and one with trimus and pharyngeal narrowing. The procedure time, safety, discomfort and complications in these cases were compared and evaluated.

RESULTSThe average procedure time of PEG was 17+/-3.5 min in conventional gastroscopy group and 17+/-3.1 min in nPEG group. No complications were observed in these patients, but the patients in nPEG group reported less discomfort associated with the procedure.

CONCLUSIONSUltrathin transnasal gastroscopy reduces the discomfort of the procedure and is safer than conventional gastroscopy for PEG, especially in patients with trimus and/or pharyngeal narrowing.

Aged ; Enteral Nutrition ; Female ; Gastroscopes ; Gastroscopy ; methods ; Gastrostomy ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Enteral Nutrition ; Humans ; Infection Control ; methods ; Probiotics ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Stress Disorders, Traumatic ; immunology ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy of sequential enteral nutrition support in patients with severe cerebral stroke.

METHODSForty-nine patients with severe cerebral stroke met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into sequential enteral nutrition group (Group A, n=24) and conventional enteral nutrition group (Group B, n=25). Patients in Group A received short-peptide-based enteral nutrition support first, then gradually transferred to intact protein enteral nutrition. Meanwhile, patients in Group B constantly received intact protein enteral nutrition support. The nutritional indexes and the rate of complications were compared between two groups.

RESULTSThe nutritional indexes were decreased in both groups within 4 weeks after admission, but the decreasing levels of hemoglobin and albumin in Group A were significantly lower than those in Group B (P<0.05), and the incidence of infections and gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Group A was also lower than that in Group B (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in body weight, BMI, triceps skinfold thickness, biceps circumference, arm muscle circumference between two groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSequential enteral nutritional support can improve the nutritional status and decrease the incidence of complications in critical patients with cerebral stroke.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stroke ; therapy

Malnutrition in patients with liver disease is common. Consequently, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy may be needed for the correction of malnutrition. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is rarely performed in patients with liver cirrhosis because of the presence of varices and coagulation abnormalities. However, if careful insertion technique along with thorough clinical assessment is undertaken, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy may be successfully performed in patients with liver cirrhosis. Here, we report successful application of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a patient with liver cirrhosis accompanied by both gastric and esophageal varices.
Aged ; *Endoscopy ; *Enteral Nutrition ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices/*complications ; Gastrostomy/*methods ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications/*therapy ; Male