Objective: To summarize the application of non-pain bronchoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary disorders.Methods: Under general anesthesia,Olympus BF3c-20 bronchoscopy was used for examination and/or treatment of 45 cases of acute pneumonia,chronic pneumonia complicated with atelectasis,chronic cough and refractory wheezing.Results: In 45 cases,26 were males and 19 were females.The age was between 4 months and 13 years.Under the bronchoscopy,the manifestations of 17 cases diagnosed as atelectasis by X-ray or CT included congestion,swollen and inflammatory narrowness and clogged by mucus secretion and 10 cases were cured after bronchial lavations.In 7 cases with refractory wheezing,4 cases were found foreign body aspiration and abnormalities at the bronchi opening were observed in the other 3 cases.Conclusion: Non-pain bronchoscopy is safe and can decrease the possible injury risk of respiratory tracts as a result of lack of cooperation of the diseased children.Non-pain bronchoscopy has important value for diagnosis and treatment of atelectasis,as well as diagnosis of foreign body.

Bronchiolitis ; diagnosis ; China ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Asthma is a chronic inflammation of airway.The prevalence of children's asthma is becoming higher and higher in the past few decades for many reasons,such as environmental changes,the life style modification and so on.Risk factors,such as C-section,artificial feeding,pet touch and so on,were described.And the measures for the prevention of asthma were also prospected,for example,avoiding maternal vaginal infection,unnecessary C-section,improving the living surrondings,reducing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,avoiding the abnormal weight increase,preventing and treating the urticaria and allergic rhinitis and vaccinating the bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

Respiratory tract infection is very common in children. Viruses play a critical role in childhood respiratory infection. Recently, there are several newly discovered viruses which have been investigated widely.Here we tried to introduce the epidemiology and clinical research of human metapneumovirus,SARS-coronavirus,coronavirus-NL63,coronavirus-HKU1 ,human Boca virus,KI-polyomavirus and WU-polyomavirus.

Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract disease in infants. There is no speciifc treatment for it and the treatment is mainly supportive. The management of bronchiolitis is the clinical hotspot recently. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has gained more attention in clinical application as it is a safe, effective, and noninvasive method and can effectively relieve symptoms of bronchiolitis and improve prognosis. This paper reviews the clinical application of CPAP in infants with severe bronchiolitis.

The irrational drug use is one of the major public health issues. As children are in growth, their drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and pharmacodynamic characteristics are different from those in adults, thus more challenges on how to make rational use of drugs in children are seen. In this paper, by analyzing current situation of irrational drug use in children, the definition and standards of the rational drug use, and the measures adopted by WHO and China in promoting rational use of drugs in children, we emphasize here and call for a promotion of the awareness of rational use of drugs in children, and activities in forms of propaganda and health education, popularization of medical science and the medication safety knowledge, guidance for the development of good medication beliefs and habits in public, improvement of the social security administration, maximization of the protection of children's medication safety, and maintenance of children's health rights and interests.

Respiratory tract infection is the most common pediatric diseases,including respiratory infection caused by a virus for more than half.So far,the virus infection has no special medication,so prevention is particularly significant.This paper introduces that the common preventive methods of familiar respiratory virus and the investigative progress of the newest drugs in China,for the sake of improve the cognition of respiratory virus infection of the pediatrician and children's dependents.

Objective To understand the etiology and clinical features of childhood bronchiectasis in China. Methods Data of 182 children diagnosed with bronchiectasis admitted in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 1991 to May, 2015, and more than 20 cases in the Chinese literatures since 1990 were reviewed. Results The top three causes of bronchiectasis in 182 children (114 boys, 68 girls, median age:118 months) in Chongqing were post-infection, primary immunodeficiency and foreign body, with frequency of 29.7%, 7.7%, and 7.1%, respectively. Chronic wet cough was the most frequent feature. Diagnosis of bronchiectasis usually need to combine with chest CT findings, which showed that the lesions were at left lower lobe, right middle lobe and right lower lobe. The choice of antibiotics was based on bacterial cultures of respiratory secretions, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated bacteria in Chongqing. The most common three causes of bronchiectasis in children according to data of 572 cases ( 347 boys, 225 girls) in 7 cities of China including Chongqing were the same with that of Chongqing, 45.5%, 7.3%, and 5.6%, respectively. Conclusion Early diagnosis, identification of etiology and comprehensive management of bronchiectasis in children are benefitial for prognosis.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive or x-linked disorder of cilia structure and (or) function, with a morbidity of 1:10 000–1:50 000 from foreign reports, while epidemic data of PCD in China is not available yet. PCD is due to cilia biallelic gene mutations leading to impaired tissue structure and organ function. Clinical phenotypes include chronic infections of the respiratory tract, fertility problems, disorders of organ laterality, etc, and the percent age of Kartagener syndrome is about 50%. The frequently used diagnostic methods are nasal NO examination, high-speed video microscopy, electron microscopy, genetic tests, chest high-resolution computed tomography and spirometry at present. Each method has its highlights and disadvantages, meanwhile, effective diagnostic algorithm and therapeutic protocols are needed for further research.

Human bocavirus 1 ( HBoV1 ) is closely related to lower respiratory infections in children. Respiratory symptoms elicited by HBoV1 include cough, tachypnea, wheezing and dyspnea, which are of mild degree and haven′t found to be distinguished. Few single infected patients with dyspnea needing mechanical ven-tilation were reported,however,the number of severe cases caused by HBoV1 is increasing in recent years. Here we reviewed the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of HBoV1 in-duced severe lower respiratory infections.