Objective: Mathematical modeling of reference values of internal organs of Mongolians (in vitro) and compare them with results of two and three-dimensional ultrasound measurements.Materials and Methods: Mathematical modeling was done with the methods of interpolation. Ultrasound measurements of internal organs were made with common methods of standard planes and results were analyzed. The basis of mathematical modeling to convert reference values of organs to values of organs in live conditions (in vitro) was elaborated. For example: Heart was modeled with double cylindrical volume with convex surface. Liver was modeled with triangle pyramid (tetrahedron) with concave and convex surface. Kidney was modeled with the shape of rotating ellipse with convex and hollow surface. Spleen was modeled with the shape of cutting pyramid with concave and convex surface. Pancreas was modeled with the shape of cylinder with convex surface. Gallbladder was modeled with the shape of cutting cone with spherical bottom. Following formulas were defined and used for modeling:Where: V-volume, r-modelled average value of 3 dimensions radius of rotation, k-coefficient for converting volume of mathematical models to original volume, P-perimeter, S-calculated bottom square with formula Guron, ϱ- density of tissue, h - height, a - length, b - width, c -thickness, r 1; r2 ;r3 – average value of radius, m - mass, I- total length. Results: Comparative analysis of the volume of internal organs of adult Mongolians determined with the help of mathematical modeling with the volume established with 2D ultrasound linear measurements revealed no statistically significant difference between parenchymal organs and revealed statistically significant difference between other organs (P<0.001).

Introduction In recent years it has been observed epidemiological transition in the world population’s morbidity and mortality causes, indicating a shift from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases. In 2012, cardiovascular diseases alone accounts for 30 per cent of all deaths in the world. In Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are growing steadily and becoming the leading causes of morbidity and mortality of population. According to the Global School-based Student Health Survey-Mongolia 2010, overall, 19.3 per cent of school children had 4 or more nutritional risk factors of NCD and 8,3 per cent of students were overweight and 0,8 per cent were obese. Above mentioned study shows that, the prevention of NCD should be started from childhood, improving the consumption of fruits and vegetables for school snack and lunch is important in the prevention of NCD among school children. The study is aimed at determination of types, consumption and chemical composition of food products and meals provided in school snack program. Scope and methods of investigation The investigation was performed in Ulaanbaatar and Tuv aimag. Under the our investigation included a totally 14 school canteens of Ulaanbaatar and Tuv aimag. Consumption of Food products was investigated using the Food Consumption Questionnaire method. All managers of school canteens interviewed by well-trained researchers using the time from 20 to 30 min for each of them. Food samples were obtained, keeping in cool boxes, transported to the Public Health Central Laboratory of National Center of Public Health, Mongolia. Chemical composition of food and snack samples were investigated according to the related standard methods for determination of protein, fat, carbohydrates, Vitamin C, Calcium. Results Consumption of vegetables and local fruits for school snack and meal was not enough for prevention of NCD among school children. Use of milk and milk products for school snacks and lunch were obtained only 1-3 times during the 10 days, which is too poor consumption. According to the results of chemical analysis, 83.4 per cent of all food samples had calories less than 340 kcal, which is the required value of calories of school snack per one student. With regard to protein level 50 per cent of samples had 2.57-7.7grams of protein, which is lower than the recommended level of 10-12 gr. Fat level of samples were ranged between 7.2-1.97 grams and 95.5 per cent of samples had lower fat content compared to the recommended value of 9.0 grams. When 68.7 per cent of samples had 4.5-38.03 grams of carbohydrates, which is lower than the recommended amount, some 4.5 per cent of samples had higher carbohydrates compared to the recommendation. Amount of vitamin C in school snack was extremely lower than the recommended amount that vitamin C was found between 0.02-2.31mg, satisfying only 10 per cent of the national recommendation of vitamin C amount for school snack. Amount of Calcium in milk products of school snack and meals was also low than recommended level.

IntroductionThe main principles of pharmacotherapy are to provide pharmaceutical care with right medicine, right doses, in right time. If, the treatment plan can be in evidence based, it will improve treatment efficacy and safety, can prevent from drug related adverse event and reduce drug cost. Ischemic heart disease is one of major cause of mortality and one of the main diseases of morbidity in Mongolia and in the Worldwide.GoalAim of study was to conduct retrospective study on medications used for in-patients with Ischemic heart disease of tertiary level hospitals of Ulaanbaatar.Materials and MethodTotal of 438 patient’s records was collected randomly from 3 state hospitals, which were treated with diagnosis of ICD. Variables of study were patient’s diagnosis, age, sex, names, doses and route of medications.ResultThe trends of rational use of drug and number of drug and drug cost per patients were different in each tertiary level hospitals of Ulaanbaatar. In I national hospital, number and cost of drug per patients were higher than second and third state hospitals. The result were shown that in all three hospitals, more than 50 percent of total drugs per patients were injection, less than 50 percent of total used drug per patients were from standard therapeutic guideline. In second state hospital, anticoagulant and anti-platelet agents were chosen less than first and third state hospitals. In order to decrease cardiac oxygen demand and improve cardiac microcirculation, nitrates were chosen mostly in second and third state hospitals but, beta blockers were chosen mostly in first state hospital.ConclusionThe study results shown the treatment pattern and trends of rational use of drugs in in patients with ischemic heart disease have been different in tertiary level hospitals of Ulaanbaatar.

BackroundTerritory of Mongolia is spread over seven natural ecological zones and it has harsh continental climate. Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated country on the World. The study was done among residents of the Khovd province and its subprovinces as representations of Altai mountain region. The study was focused on clarifying relavance of health status scores of a population with geographical and ecologicalspecifics of the places they live.Goal:To determine BA, grades of aging and health status scores among population (30-69 years) of mountain regions.Materials and Methods:In total 1119 persons were chosen for the research study, which was conducted in 2011. Quantative data of the study has been processed with the use of statistical data processing software SPSS-19.Results14.4% - 94.1% of male in all age groups had health problems. In all age groups 55.9%-85.5% of male and 43.9%-78.4% of female had adaptation functional tension. Conclusions: Aging for women of all age groups was significantly slowed or slowed. Aging for men of 30-49 ages it was accelerated, for men of 50-69 years aging was normal or slightly slowed. The portion of people with adaptation functional tension was greater in all age groups. Most of the women in the age group of 60-69 years had unsatisfactory adaptation. Health status of male is significantly at a lower level compare to female.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder. According to International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) estimation in 2019, globally 463 million adults have diabetes among the population aged 20-79. If this trend continues, 700 million of people will have diabetes by 2045, and the larger increases will occur in low- and middle-income countries. In Mongolia, the prevalence of Diabetes 5.4%. Regularly assessing the quality of life (QOL) in the control of patients with diabetes is important to evaluate the effectiveness of management, to plan treatment and thus to improve monitoring. Meaningful. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the Validity and Reliability of the Mongolian Version of the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOLBREF) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Methods: The cross sectional survey was conducted in Ulaanbaatar. For the study 150 patients with T2DM were recruited, who have met the inclusion criteria and agreed to the informed consent. In the study, self-management control, beliefs about illness, depression were assessed. Additionally, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure (BP), levels of glucated hemoglobin level (HbA1C), lipids and fasting blood glucose (FBG) at the baseline and after 3 months follow ups were measured. Statistical analyses was performed using SPSS 21 software. Results: The study involved newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes with mean age of 49,4±8,9 years. 65 men (43,6%), 85 women (56,7%) and 39,3% of the participants had a family history of diabetes. The Cronbach’s alpha for analysis of the reliability of the WHOQOLBREF was a=0.74-0.84. The patient’s fasting blood glucose FBG, HbA1c, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were statistically significantly higher (p <0.05) than normal and the triglyceride (TG) was increased, but it was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). The mean TG had statistically significant (p <0.05) increase by sex. There is a need for further study of the specific questionnaire of QOL people with diabetes. Conclusion The Mongolian version of the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire evaluating diabetes patients, the internal consistency of the questionnaire was reliable and the validity was a = 0.74-0.84.

Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem with 10.4 million incident cases in 2016. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent, many environmental factors play a role in disease progression. Several respiratory hazards including smoking and indoor air pollution were suggested to increase the risk of tuberculosis, but only fewer studies has been conducted on the association between ambient air pollution and tuberculosis.
Mongolia is a one of the seven TB high burden countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region. In 2017, there were 3779 TB cases in Mongolia. Most of them were smear positive pulmonary cases. Mongolia achieved the regional WHO targets for finding and curing TB. Currently, case detection and treatment success rates have reached 72% and 84.0%, respectively.
Air pollution is hard to escape no matter how rich an area you live in, it is all around us. Also, air pillution is incerasingly serious problem in Mongolia. Globally it is estimated that 9 out of 10 breathe polluted air and about 7 million deaths are attributed to air pollution. It is estimated that 91% of the world’s population lives in area where the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines are not met.
In addition, children are highly affected by air pollution because their lungs are still developing and the air pollution can interfere with this biological process, their bodies are less able to metabolize, detoxify and excrete the toxins contained in the air pollution. Many epidemiological and ecological studies were done in Mongolia toward to air pollution and health. However, it is still not clear how much indoor and ambient air pollution can cause to TB incidence in Mongolia.

Backround: Biological age score plays an essential role in the evalution of aging process and health status. The study was focused on clarifying relavance of health status scores of a population of Khangai mountain region with geographical and ecological specifics of the places they live. Goal: To determine the grades of aging (GA) and biological age score (BAS) among population (30-69 years) of Zavkhan aimags.Materials and Methods: We examined 1901 men and women aged 30-69 years old in Zavkhan aimags in 2012 and healthy subjects were assessed with physical, physiological variable. The BAS equation was employed to compute the individual BAScores for all subjects. Quantative data has been processed with the use of statistical data processing software SPSS-19. Results: Health scores of 92.1% of male in the age group of 30-39 years, 68.7% of male in the age group of 40-49 years had health problems (in level IV, V ). In all age groups 70.3% -98.6% had normal adaptation and adaptation functional tension. 54.2- 55.1% of both sex in the ages group 60-69 years had unsatisfactory adaptation.Conclusions: Aging process for women in age groups of 50-59, 60-69 years was significantly delayed or delayed. For men of 30-49 ages aging process was accelerated, for men of 50-69 years it was normal or delayed. Health scores of men in the age group of 30-39, 40-49 years is significantly at a lower level (IV,V) and health scores of women all age groups is significantly at a high level (IIII).

BACKGROUND: In Ulaanbaatar, the first case of the pandemic influenza infection has been reported on 12 October 2010.By November 9, a total of 929 cases laboratory-confirmed had been reported to National Center for CommunicableDiseases (NCCD). Of these cases reported, 9 people died.METHODS: The objectives of the study were to describe patients who admitted and hospitalized at NCCD and to determineoverall attack rates among health workers, secondary attack rates among students of colleges and universities. Datawas analyzed using Epi-Info2000.RESULTS: Among 929 of laboratory-confirmed cases, 50.3% (95% CI 43.0-57.5) were males aged 23 (±14.9) in averagewith youngest – 7 months, oldest – 76 years old. Data analysis by districts among the hospitalized patients, showed32.8% (139) of total cases in Bayanzurkh district including the first case of the pandemic influenza infection. The majorityof patients who admitted and hospitalized to NCCD mostly experienced fever (288, 68.1%), dry cough (251, 59.3%),headache (203, 48.0%), sore throat (175, 41.6%). With 1020 physicians and health workers in total, 41.4% (422) ofthem work at NCCD, 35.4% (361) – at MCHRC. 11.1% of health workers out of total become ill with pandemic H1N12009 (overall attack rate 11.1%) with the most common symptom, 380C and higher fever (100.0%, 113), sore throat(83.2%, 94), cough (76.1%, 86) and runny nose (59.3%, 67). The higher attack rates of health workers by occupationwere doctor (18.0%) and auxiliary (13%). The secondary attack rates among university students for influenza-likeillness(ILI) were 12.9%. These secondary attack rates were higher among students of art’s college as compared withother universities (52.4%). For students, the main clinical symptoms were fever + sore throat (75.0%, 18), fever+ cough(70.8%, 17).DISCUSSION: In China, as of 27 September, 2009, from reported total 19981 cases infected with pandemic influenza,61.0% were males, mean age was 17, mainly affected with 83% school students that consistent with our study result.The similar results on clinical symptoms were obtained in Russia. Out of 130 patients, 28.6% had 380Ñ and higherfever, for 54.3% the body temperature reached 38.1-390Ñ where as 17.1% - higher 390Ñ and 96% had cough, 89%had muscle ache, 65% had headache, 14% had diarrhea.

BackgroundIn 1988, the Forty-first World Health Assembly adopted a resolution for the Global Polio Eradication.Since the initiative was launched, number of polio cases has fallen by over 99%. Today, only threecountries in the world, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria - remain polio-endemic. The Polio Eradicationand Endgame Strategic Plan of 2013-2018 calls for the gradual eradication of wild virus strain and thevaccine virus strain at the same time. In order to prevent the border transmission of wild type poliovirus,virus leakage from laboratories, it is required to conduct inventory of laboratories handling poliovirus andpotential infectious materials every 2 year.GoalTo identify laboratories handling poliovirus and potential infectious materialsMethodsSurvey of laboratories handling poliovirus and potential infectious materials was conducted amongstate, private, clinical, biomedical and environmental testing in total of 127 laboratories operating in21 provinces and 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar city by questionnaire. Survey questionnaire consists of 6sections (general, sample storage, laboratory biosafety, staff knowledge, information source, trainingand etc.). Study results were processed using SPSS-19 statistical programme.Results34.7% of 96 biomedical laboratories were analyzed stool samples. These laboratories were analyzedrotavirus (17.0%), intestinal bacteria (67.0%), Helicobacter (14.3%), parasite and other indicators (1.7%)in stool samples. 43.8% of laboratories were stored stool samples for one day and 3.1% up to oneyear. From 31 environmental testing laboratories 73.3% were bacterialdetection test on environmentalsamples. 60% of wastewater samples were collected from rivers, 16% on entrance to wastewatertreatment plant and after biological treatment combined, and 24% from other sources. Soil sampleswere collected near waste disposal and other sources (46.4%), and from unknown sources (53.6%).24.1% of all laboratories were stored environmental samples for 3 days, 3.4% for 45 days. Accordingto results, surveyed laboratories did not store samples for more than 1 year. Also, none of surveyedlaboratories (100%) were not stored poliovirus and potential infectious materials.Conclusion· The investigated laboratories were not stored poliovirus and potential infectious materials.· The biosafety and biosecurity status of laboratories should be improved in near future throughenhancing knowledge of laboratory workers and organizing training related to biosafetyandbiosecurity.

Health impact assessment is a means of evidence-based policy-making for improvement in health. It is a combination of methods whose aim is to assess the health consequences to a population of a policy, project, or program that does not necessarily have health as its primary objective. It is described as being “the leading global network on best practice in the use of impact assessment for informed decision-making regarding policies, programs, plans and projects”. In recent years, much evidence was revealed that the mining, metal mining, and processing industry has a greatly impact on humans. Residing population has affected directly and indirectly influenced to the health and wellbeing of human.
The mining, metal mining and processing industries play an important role in the economic and social development of Mongolia. With the rapid development of the mining industry in Mongolia, environmental protection and environmental rehabilitation have become a priority. Currently, there are 27 laws governing environmental legal acts in our country, and chapter 3 of the Hygiene Law covers environmental and health impact assessment. As stated the implementation of the law shall be financed from the state and local budgets, the central state administrative organization and the Governor at the appropriate level shall order the relevant professional organizations to carry out environmental research and analysis work and to develop projects, and in addition to financing with budget funds, as well as conducting research with their funds for interested citizens, enterprises, and organizations were are arrangements to support the implementation of the laws and its regulation.
However, Within the scope of the Law on Environmental Protection and Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures, the negative impact on the environment is identified but in the area of health impact, it is a lack of information on how the activities are conducted, and health impact assessments are not conducted according to procedures and methods. Thus, there are need to conduct health impact assessments of the mining area and its affected population.