Introduction Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are the principal enzymes involved in catabolism of ethanol in human body. Alcohol is initially metabolized by ADH to acetaldehyde, which is consequently oxidized by ALDH to acetic acid. Individuals with low activity of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes show low tolerance to alcohol and are therefore rapidly intoxicated. Two studies on polymorphism of alcohol metabolizing enzyme genes in Mongolian population have been implemented to the date, but no assessment study of the serum activity of the enzymes have been conducted. Materials and Methods Fasting morning blood samples were collected from 240 adults 25-54 years of age (124 males and 118 females) from all provinces and the capital city of Mongolia. The serum levels of ADH and ALDH were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Result: The mean serum level of ADH was 17.6 ng/mL and of ALDH was 15.91 ng/mL. The mean levels of the two enzymes of the surveyed from UB city were significantly lower than of those who lived in rural areas (p=0.000 for both ADH and ALDH). When the survey participants were divided into three age groups (25-34 years, 35-44 years and 45-54 years of age) and their mean levels of ADH and ALDH were compared, no significant age-related differences were found (p>0.05).

Goal: To determine average values of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipid cholesterol and low density lipid cholesterol of Mongolian adults, and compare the average values by age groups, gender and regions. Materials and Methods: Serum was separated from morning blood samples collected from 1737 individuals 15-64 years of age (707 males and 1030 females) from 21 aimags and Ulaanbaatar city, and stored at-30°C until analysis. Mean levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL were determined using photometric system. Results: The overall mean serum level of cholesterol was 159.06 mg/dl (95% CI 155.58-162.53), of triglycerides was 121.65 mg/dl (95% CI 116.77-126.53), of HDL was 61.12 mg/dl (95% CI 59.77-62.47), and of LDL was 130.53 mg/dl (95% CI 128.26-132.80). When the survey participants were divided into five age groups (15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 years of age) and their mean levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL were compared, no statistically significant differences were observed between age groups. When the mean levels of lipids were compared between sexes, statistically significant differences were observed for cholesterol and triglycerides, and no statistically significant differences were observed for HDl and LDL.

The serum activity levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are important biochemical indicators of changes in the liver and coronary system function. The correct determination of changes in the activity levels of the transferases is essential for differential diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the diseases. Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the mean activity levels of ALT and AST of the Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: Serum was separated from morning blood samples collected from 1732 individuals 15-64 years of age (706 males, 1026 females) from 21 aimags and Ulaanbaatar city, and stored at -30°C until analysis. Ac¬tivity levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were determined using photometric system. Results: The overall mean serum activity level of AST was 25.52 U/L and of ALT was 21.31 U/L. No statistically sig¬nificant differences were observed between the surveyed from Ulaanbaatar and from rural area, but the mean activity level of both enzymes was statistically significantly lower in women than in men (р<0.05 for both ALT and AST). When the survey participants were divided into five age groups (15-24 years, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years of age) and their mean activity levels of AST and ALT were compared, it was observed that the activity of both enzymes increased with age (p<0.05).

The serum activity levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are important biochemical indicators of changes in the liver and coronary system function. The correct determination of changes in the activity levels of the transferases is essential for differential diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the diseases. Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the mean activity levels of ALT and AST of the Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: Serum was separated from morning blood samples collected from 1732 individuals 15-64 years of age (706 males, 1026 females) from 21 aimags and Ulaanbaatar city, and stored at -30°C until analysis. Activity levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were determined using photometric system. Results: The overall mean serum activity level of AST was 25.52 U/L and of ALT was 22.60 U/L. No statistically significant differences were observed between the surveyed from Ulaanbaatar and from rural area as well as between sexes (p>0.05 for both ALT and AST). When the survey participants were divided into five age groups (15-24 years, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years of age) and their mean activity levels of AST and ALT were compared, it was observed that the activity of both enzymes increased with age (p<0.05)

Background: Since life style of the nation has changed, the prevalence of T2DM has steadily increased. According to T2DM related studies, estimated number of people with diabetes is 80.000 in Mongolia. Despite this, total number of diabetic patients registered in Mongolia is only 7000. Thus, approximately 90% of people with diabetes are undiagnosed and untreated.Objective: to assess anthropometric and laboratory parameters of newly diagnosed patients with T2DM.Materials and Methods: It was cross sectional study included 133 patients with type 2 diabetes newly diagnosed at the district hospital of Ulaanbaatar. We measured height, weight and waist circumference and analyzed body fat by bio-impedance analyzer machine. Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C were determined by methods of laboratory in venous plasma. We defined as subjects with metabolic syndrome used the IDF new definition of 2009.Results: 44.4% of all participants were male and 55.6% were female and mean age of all participants was 49.1±8.5. According to BMI 85.7% of patients was obese and overweight and 84.2% of patients identified central obesity by measuring waist circumference. In analyzing of body composition, 100% of all patients determined high body fat. 27.1% of men and 36.4% of women diagnosed arterial hypertension. According to HbA1c (%) level the 94% of patients determined 7.5 and above. The hypertriglyceridemia was 59.4%, hyper LDL-C was 76.7% and hypo HDL-C was 12% and increased LDL: HDL ratio was 8.1%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the newly diagnosed patients with T2DM was 69.6%, male 66.1% and female 72.9%. Conclusion: Obese is major risk factor for T2DM in Mongolia. The study shows that assessing body fat is major identifying method of obese (p<0.03) and statistically significant association of high body fat mass with WC in diabetic patients (p<0.05). The prevalence of several risk factors of DM complications among newly diagnosed patients with T2DM is higher.

Environmental pollution, manufactured cities related to human activities such as soil contaminated by heavy metals pollution is one of the problems of the world’s major cities. Heavy metals are one of the main sources of pollution and the environment through biogeochemical cycles, and stored for a long time in the body of living organisms, poisoning is able to generate a negativeimpact on human health. Ulaanbaatar, 2010, along the main road in 11 point analysis of 22 soil samples from some of the heavy metal pollution in the soil lead levels were within normal limits,but the high concentration of topsoil is defined. A study conducted in 2011, but the average leadconcentration of 47.3 ppm healthy uncontaminated soil that is 3-4 times larger than defined.Heavy metals in the soil pollution, but pollution levels being conducted quarterly study and their sources of research have been identified. Heavy metal contamination of Ulaanbaatar soil andcalculation of the amount of heavy metals enter the body. Specialized inspection agency of Ulaanbaatar cities laboratory analysis conducted, the data used as descriptive research study design, participated in the study. Metropolitan areas in the 80 point balance divided analyzed by standard analysis of soil samples collected in spring and autumn, MNS5850:2008 was assessed by comparison with the standard.The average amount of lead in the soil of Ulaanbaatar 18.09 mg/kg (95%CI 13.7-22.4mg/kg), and cadmium concentration of 1.02 mg/kg (95%CI 0.7-1.3mg/kg), the mercury concentration of0.03 mg/kg (95%CI 0.006-0.05 mg/kg) that “The quality of the soil, and soil pollutants, maximum permissible elements” MNS5850:2008 standards, compared to less than the maximum allowed. Lead in the soil through the ingestion 11.75x10-3 mg/kg/day (95%CI 8.9-14.55x10-3 mg/kg/day) and cadmium 0.66x10-3 mg/kg/day (95%CI 0.45-0.84x10-3 mg/kg/day) of mercury 0.02x10-3 mg/kg/day (95%CI 0.0-0.03x10-3 mg/kg/day), and inhalation of lead 1.06x10-6 mg/m3 (95%CI 0.80-1.32x10-6 mg/m3) and cadmium 0.06x10-6 mg/m3 (95%CI 0.00-0.08x10-6 mg/m3), dermal adsorption lead 2.62x10-6 mg/kg/day (95%CI 1.98-3.24x10-6 mg/kg/day) and cadmium 0.15x10-6 mg/kg/day (95%CI 0.10-0.19x10-6 mg/kg/day) be digestible. Ulaanbaatar soil containing lead, cadmium, mercury, “The quality of the soil, and soil pollutants, maximum permissible elements” MNS5850:2008 compared to less than the maximum permitted levels. Three entry through access to the body of heavy metals in the soil to estimate the amount of mercury and cadmium lead digestive, respiratory and skin is a little more access.

Air pollution is an increasingly serious problem in Mongolia, especially in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan and several other urban areas.The goal:The goal of this study is to determine the relationships between air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and SO2) and meteorological parameters (average temperature, humidity, and wind speed) and respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of all secondary level and tertiary level hospitals of Ulaanbaatar and 8 primary level hospitals. This is a cross sectional study using secondary air quality and hospital morbidity and mortality data.Material and Methods:Sampling unit is a total number morbidity of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases at the selected study hospitals, number of mortality of the selected II and III level hospitals. Data were collected during 1 year and 5 days or 370 days from 1 June 2008 to 5 of June 2009. Hospital morbidity and mortality admission data were obtained from each hospitals statistic department. Daily data of FGPs were collected manually by data collectors in accordance with scheduled date. Emergency data was also been obtained from the City emergency center.Results:The daily concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 had exceeded the MNAAQS mainly in the winter months from November to February. The correlation mainly between respiratory and cardiovascular disease case admissions with meteorological parameters is because the cold winter conditions in Ulaanbaatar result in the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere. Thus, population exposure to air pollution is increase significantly during winter months. Based on recent study result, during winter 1 out of 2 diseases admission case of respiratory system disease caused due to average temperature, relative humidity, NO2, and PM10 and cardiovascular disease also caused due to relative humidity, NO2, and PM10 level. So thus, not only fuel based pollutants but also vehicle related pollutants and meteorological conditions also causing onset of cardiovascular and respiratory system disease. Children under 15 years old are more likely get admitted to the hospital due to respiratory system disease cases whereas cardiovascular disease admission more registered among older age group of people. In addition, residents of ger area are more visited to the FGPs than the residents of apartment area.Conclusions:1. The correlation mainly between respiratory and cardiovascular disease case admissions with meteorological parameters is because the cold winter conditions in Ulaanbaatar result in the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere.2. Population exposure to air pollution is increase significantly during winter months.3. During winter 1 out of 2 diseases of respiratory system disease caused due to average temperature, relative humidity, NO2, and PM10 and cardiovascular disease also caused due to relative humidity, NO2, and PM10 level.

Tea is a product which contains of natural antioxidants for relaxation, prevention and healing effects, biofl avonoids, isofl avonoids, organic acids, glycoside and other substances. In order to use this valuable natural commodity economically with keeping the ecologicalbalance and provide quality and safety, nowadays, fi ltered tea bags become popularfor producing. The international standards forinfusion substance portion, antioxidants content, and quality and safety specifi cations for this type of tea are the important measures for preventing of fake products. The sustainable quality study is one of the main parameters, indicating the drug quality, safety and effects. The validity and storageconditions of the drug and its active agents are determined by the study.Aim: To determine the validity /expirationperiod/ of liver protection effect “Tunamal” tea by studying the parameters of its sustainable qualityObjective: To defi ne the expiration time by analyzing annually the moisture, ash, infusion substance, essential oil, appearanceof dry substances, ascorbic acid, content ofthe fl avonoids, mixture of heavy metals and microbiological parametersMaterials and methodologyCommodity of the study, which are the creeping thyme and rosehips fruits, were collected from the territory of Erdene county of Central province and Eruu county of Selenge province respectively; and dried in accordance with the standards. The moisture, ash, infusion substance, essential oil, appearance of dry substance, ascorbic acid, content of all fl avonoids wereanalyzed by methods set by Mongolian national pharmacopoeia, radioactive contamination and presence of heavy metals – by atomic absorption spectrometric method, afl atoxin B1 and pesticide residues – by thin-layer chromatography respectively,; and microbial contamination was analyses in the Steward geological laboratory in the culture medium as well as in the drug inspection laboratory of the State professional inspection authority.

BackgroundIn 1988, the Forty-first World Health Assembly adopted a resolution for the Global Polio Eradication.Since the initiative was launched, number of polio cases has fallen by over 99%. Today, only threecountries in the world, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria - remain polio-endemic. The Polio Eradicationand Endgame Strategic Plan of 2013-2018 calls for the gradual eradication of wild virus strain and thevaccine virus strain at the same time. In order to prevent the border transmission of wild type poliovirus,virus leakage from laboratories, it is required to conduct inventory of laboratories handling poliovirus andpotential infectious materials every 2 year.GoalTo identify laboratories handling poliovirus and potential infectious materialsMethodsSurvey of laboratories handling poliovirus and potential infectious materials was conducted amongstate, private, clinical, biomedical and environmental testing in total of 127 laboratories operating in21 provinces and 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar city by questionnaire. Survey questionnaire consists of 6sections (general, sample storage, laboratory biosafety, staff knowledge, information source, trainingand etc.). Study results were processed using SPSS-19 statistical programme.Results34.7% of 96 biomedical laboratories were analyzed stool samples. These laboratories were analyzedrotavirus (17.0%), intestinal bacteria (67.0%), Helicobacter (14.3%), parasite and other indicators (1.7%)in stool samples. 43.8% of laboratories were stored stool samples for one day and 3.1% up to oneyear. From 31 environmental testing laboratories 73.3% were bacterialdetection test on environmentalsamples. 60% of wastewater samples were collected from rivers, 16% on entrance to wastewatertreatment plant and after biological treatment combined, and 24% from other sources. Soil sampleswere collected near waste disposal and other sources (46.4%), and from unknown sources (53.6%).24.1% of all laboratories were stored environmental samples for 3 days, 3.4% for 45 days. Accordingto results, surveyed laboratories did not store samples for more than 1 year. Also, none of surveyedlaboratories (100%) were not stored poliovirus and potential infectious materials.Conclusion· The investigated laboratories were not stored poliovirus and potential infectious materials.· The biosafety and biosecurity status of laboratories should be improved in near future throughenhancing knowledge of laboratory workers and organizing training related to biosafetyandbiosecurity.

Justification: Iodine is a micronutrient essential for human health. 92% of the required iodine human organism obtains with food. One of methods to supply the required amount of iodine is the use of iodised salt. The overall goal of our study was to determine the actual consumption of iodised salt by households. Materials and Methods: Samples of salt consumed by 20173 households from five regions (Western, Mountainous, Central, Eastern regions and Ulaanbaatar city) of Mongolia were collected and their iodine contents were determined according to MNS 5168:2002. Results: Out of the total analyzed salt samples, 19.1 % were non-iodised, 2.8% had low iodine content, 77.5% had appropriate level of iodine and 0.6% had high level of iodine.
When the salt iodine contents were evaluated by the country regions, it was revealed that the households in Western (31.4%) and Mountainous (20.57%) regions consumed salt that was not iodised. 84.5% of the Ulaanbaatar city households consumed salt with appropriate level of iodine. Conclusions
1. 19.1 % of the surveyed households consume non-iodised salt, 2.8% consume salt with low iodine content, 77.5% consume salt with appropriate level of iodine and 0.6% consume salt with high level of iodine.
2. The iodine level is appropriate in 84.5% of salt consumed by Ulaanbaatar city households.