Background: Generation Z students, born after 1995, are characterized by their ability to multitask, low tolerance for traditional learning methods, impatience, short attention span, and preference for working independently rather than collaboratively. They are also considered more vulnerable to mental health challenges compared to previous generations. Aim: To assess the level of academic engagement among Generation Z students studying in the School of Nursing. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from February 1 to April 1, 2025. A total of 420 students majoring in nursing, midwifery, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and traditional medicine nursing at the School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, participated in the study. The Student Course Engagement Questionnaire (Handelsman, 2005) was used to evaluate students’ engagement levels. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach’s α of 0.955. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, and results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Among the 420 participants, 91.9% were female and 8.1% were male. By major, 57.1% studied nursing, 22.6% midwifery, 8.8% physical therapy, and the remainder were from other disciplines. Student engagement was analyzed across three domains: academic involvement, personal responsibility and effort, and learning attitude and motivation. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between academic involvement and personal responsibility/ effort (r=0.828), learning attitude and motivation (r=0.825), and between responsibility/effort and learning attitude/ motivation (r=0.903) (p<0.01). Age showed a weak positive correlation with year of study (r=0.381), while major and year of study had a weak negative correlation (r= -0.146) (p<0.01). Year of study and learning motivation also showed a weak negative correlation (r=-0.107, p<0.05). Conclusion The learning motivation and class engagement of Generation Z nursing students were found to be strongly correlated with their sense of responsibility, effort, and learning attitude (r=0.82–0.90, p<0.01). Most students demonstrated consistent participation and motivation to learn, showed less interest in traditional teaching approaches, and preferred practical training.

Background: In Mongolian Traditional Medicine (MTM), the human body constitution is classified according to the doctrine of Khii, Shar, and Badgan, resulting in seven types: three single constitutions Khii, Shar, Badgan, three mixed constitutions Khii-Badgan, Shar-Badgan, Khii-Shar, and one combined constitution in which all three principles coexist. This concept considers not only physical, physiological, mental, and behavioral characteristics but also environmental influences. Childhood obesity has become a major global public health issue. In Mongolia, the prevalence of overweight and obese children aged 5–19 years is projected to reach 19% (approximately 79,648 children) by 2030. However, limited research has examined the relationship between children’s constitutional types and their physical and body composition indicators. Aim: Children (11-17 ages) innate nature of and study of the relationship between physical and body composition. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 459 students aged 11–17 years from “Erdmiin Khutuch” Secondary School No. 58, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar, selected through random sampling. Constitutional types were determined using the “Mongolian Traditional Medicine Human innate nature Typology” developed by B. Dagvatsereen and U. Batchimeg (2003), based on 19 parameters and 44 indicators through a web-based tool (WEB1). Body composition was measured using a Tanita DC430a analyzer. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27. Results: Among children aged 11-13 years, the predominant constitutional types were Badgan-Shar, Khii-Badgan, Khii- Shar, Badgan-Khii, and Shar-Khii, with Badgan-Khii being the most common. In those aged 14-17 years, the dominant constitutions shifted to Shar–Khii, Khii–Shar, and Shar–Badgan, with Shar–Khii and Khii–Shar more frequently observed. These patterns may be related to the physiological characteristics of growth during childhood and adolescence. The average height of boys was 158.35±1.13 cm (118-175), while that of girls was 154.94±0.61 cm (116-175), indicating that boys were 3.41 cm taller than girls (p<0.05). The mean waist circumference of boys was 69.66±0.79 cm (60-110), compared to 67.77±0.66 cm (29.50-108) in girls, showing a statistically significant difference of 1.89 cm (p<0.05). The findings demonstrated that girls had higher body fat percentage and fat mass than boys, whereas boys exhibited greater skeletal muscle percentage, skeletal mass, muscle percentage, and muscle mass. These sex differences in fat and muscle composition among children aged 11-17 years may be attributable to hormonal variations associated with pubertal development. Body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, visceral fat level, daily metabolic expenditure, obesity grade, and bone mass showed a weak inverse correlation with the Khii–Shar and Shar–Khii constitutional types. Conclusions 1. Among children aged 11-13 years, Badgan-Shar, Khii-Badgan, Badgan-Khii, and Shar-Khii constitutions were dominant, while in those aged 14-17 years, Shar-Khii, Khii-Shar, and Shar-Badgan types predominated. 2. When comparing children’s physical indicators by sex, boys have greater height and waist circumference than girls. Regarding body composition, girls show higher body fat percentage and fat mass, whereas boys have greater skeletal muscle mass, muscle percentage, and total muscle mass compared to girls. 3. The body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and degree of obesity showed a weak positive correlation with the Badgan-dan and Badgan-khii constitutional types. In contrast, skeletal muscle mass, muscle weight, body water percentage, and body protein percentage demonstrated a weak positive correlation with the Khii-shar and Shar-khii constitutional types.

Sleep fulfills the vital physiological needs of the human body. However, 45 percent of the world’s population suffers from sleep problems.
In this article, Sugmel 3 tan /prescription/ widely used in traditional medicine for insomnia was selected and biologically active compounds and pharmacological activities of the plants included in the prescription were reviewed. Essential oils from fruits of Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep and Cuminum cyminum L. are considered to relax the body and mind to improve a night of sleep. Pharmacological and clinical studies of piperine isolated from Piper longum L. fruits demonstrated that the compound possessed anti-depression-like activity and cognitive enhancing effect.

Background: Diseases of the digestive system are one of the leading causes of global morbidity, and liver disease is the leading cause, accounting for 52.34% of 100,000 population in Asian countries. In Mongolia, cirrhosis accounted for 32.4% of all liver diseases in 2019.
In traditional medical treatment, liver cirrhosis is included in the scope of chronic diseases and compared with liver’s smug po disease for treatment. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of Tumrinn talkh-7, which is widely used in the treatment of liver diseases, especially in the treatment of liver diseases. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named “Oral Instruction Tantra” as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of liver smug po and Tumriin Talkh-7 traditional drug from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of liver smug po and the action mechanism of Tumriin Talkh-7 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the analysis-synthesis method was used to summarize the analysis results. Results: Due to the hot conditions, the blood heat will increase occur. Due to the cold conditions, food absorption is impaired bad blood is formed in the liver. This is how Smug po disease occurs. Tumriin talkh-7 traditional drugs should be analyzed in relation to the transformation of liver smug po disease.
Iron dust is treating heat liver smug po removed.
Calcitu-CaCO3 is clear phlegm heat.
Dracocephallum foetidum Bge. is cures stomach and liver heat.
Inula helenium L. is equable and cures all liver Smug po diseases.
Saussurea lappa L. is sharp, warm nature, regulating wind-blood disorder.
Trogopterus xanthipes mine Edwards is treating old liver disease.
Carthamus tinctorius L. is saffron cures all liver diseases. Conclusions Pathological blood caused by cold and heat factors leads to liver smug po disease. Tumriin Talkh-7 is a cold drug with the effect of treating hot liver smug po disease.

Myocardial infarction (Ml) is necrosis and death of heart muscle secondary to ischemia and acute coronary artery thrombosis. Ml, commonly known as a heart attack, happens when the oxygen rich blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked for a prolonged period, causing damage or death to the heart tissue. This blockage is most often caused by a buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, which form a plaque in the coronary arteries. Furthermore, patients with cancer constitute a high-risk population for cardiovascular disease and as of the last 5 years, 50% of patients with cardiovascular disease have been diagnosed with cancer, according to World Health Organization. The provision of complete insight into Ml complications along with designing ajpreventive program against Ml seems necessary. The use of medications has been practiced over the years for the prevention of HF. However, some of these medications produce adverse effects and due to high cost are not easily available to every patient. Over the past decades, there has been a significant rise in the use of herbal supplements based on traditional medicine to prevent, avoid, and/or treat different conditions, including cardiovascular disease; this rise results from a natural source, efficiency with few or no adverse effects and low cost. In vivo models of heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (Ml) are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions and for developing new treatments.
These models typically involve inducing heart failure or myocardial infarction in animals, such as rodents to study disease mechanisms and evaluate potential therapies.
In this review, we discuss the most common preclinical models of Ml currently employed in cardiovascular research. Among them, Ml induced heart failure is a method of ligation of the left anterior descending artery of coronary an experimental animal. Its physiological relevance, cost-effective, uncomplicated, and suitable method for evaluating research results. The rat model of myocardial infarction offers numerous advantages that make it a valuable tool for cardiovascular research.

Introduction: The Five Medicinal Herb Soak Therapy, as described in the 23rd chapter of “The Secret Quintessential Instructions on the Eight Branches of the Ambrosia Essence Tantra,” a key text in traditional medicine, is noted for its therapeutic applications. It is recommended for conditions such as joint stiffness, tumors, acute and chronic wound swelling, sores, abscesses, hunchback, muscle rheumatism, anthrax, scattered heat and wind disorders. The Five Medicinal Herb Soak consists of Ledum palustre L., Juniperus pseudosabia Fisch.Et M., Myricaria alopecuroides Schrenk., Ephedra Przewalskii Stapf., and Artemisia frigida Willd. This therapy is widely practiced in Mongolia, China, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Tibetan Autonomous Region, the Qinghai Province, and the Gansu Province. This clinical observational study review aims to predict treatment outcomes, establish treatment guidelines, and facilitate the development of other pharmaceutical forms. It is anticipated that this review will serve as a scientific reference for the application of the Five Medicinal Herb Soak Therapy. Objective: The objective of this review is to analyze and synthesize clinical studies on the Five Medicinal Herb Soak Therapy. Methods: Keywords “五味甘露” (Wu wei gan lu), “Tibetan medicine five-flavor Manna” were used to search for relevant research articles and theses in biomedical databases, including PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure CNKI (https://www.cnki.net/). The collected data were systematically analyzed and reviewed. Conclusion The Five Medicinal Herb Soak Therapy demonstrates significant therapeutic value in treating conditions such as gout, rheumatic joint inflammations, digestive disorders, female reproductive system diseases, spinal herniation, arthritis, varicose veins, and scurvy. Integrating this therapy with Mongolian, Tibetan, Chinese, and European medical practices can enhance treatment efficacy by reducing treatment duration, alleviating symptoms, and preventing recurrence. Furthermore, developing more efficient pharmaceutical forms of the Five Medicinal Herb Soak could improve its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects.

Aconitum navicular (Brϋhl) Stapf, a Himalayan endemic, is an endangered medicinal herb of the alpine region. A search was made under the Latin Name Aconitum navicular (Brϋhl) Stapf. to summarize the use of phytochemical and biological information on the use of ethnomedicine available for the species. The keyword “Aconitum navicular (brϋhl) Stapf.” was collected and compiled from the rankings of PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and other scientific websites. Phytochemical analysis done so far has led to the isolation of 14 alkaloids, 3 flavonoid glycosides, and 4 phenolglycosides. Most commonly, aqueous extract of this plant has been used against various kinds of fever, bitter tonic and intoxicating liquors. In addition, Aconitum species contain the most diterpenoid alkaloids, and this compound is bioactive and somewhat toxic. Many studies have shown that diterpenoid alkaloids exhibit cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory biological activities. We hope this information will be useful in future research and development of this valuable medicinal plant.

Background: Spine disorder is the first cause of disability of workers below 45 years and economicalburden costs 20-50 billion us.dol, in European countries. Lumbar disc hernia estimates 40% of 30-50aged population in U.S and in Japan 26/10000. In last 5 years, spine surgeries increased in 4-5 timesdue intervertebral disc hernia, at Shastin State Third Central hospital of Mongolia.Goal: To populate new methods of surgical treatment for compressive lesions of spinal cord, spinalnerve root of cervix, thorax and lumbar spineMaterials and Methods: We did clinical research involving patients who had spine surgery at ourdepartment due “compressive lesion of spinal nerve root and spinal cord”. From, total 217 patients,excluded 9. Excluded cases are: declined from surgery 3, Arnold-Chiari malformation 5, and epiduralabscess 1. We collected data with permission of patient and did statistical analysis by IBM SPSS 17.Results: The surgery for intervertebral disc hernia takes 84.6% (176) of total surgery and 94.9% (167)of lumbar disease. Tumor of spinal cord estimates 9.1% (19) of total case, dominates in lumbar area(57.9%). We used posterior approach mostly, because it is frequently used in lumbar spine. The surgerycontinued 36-750 min (204.6, SD 128.5) ten patients (4.8%) had complications. In this project weused 5 surgical methods totally in solitary or combined. Spondilodesis is the most combined methodamong them. We used Oswestry disability index in Mongolia at first, to count treatment effect. Currentindex evaluated pre and post surgery period. Patient complaint and difficulty of daily life progressivelydecreased after surgery and almost disappeared at third month (p<0.00).Conclusion:1. It is possible to develop international standard surgical treatment of compressive lesions of spinalnerve root, spinal cord of cervix, thorax and lumbar spine in Mongolia.2. We used Oswestry disability index in Mongolia at first, so this questionnaire is simpler and accuratemethod for spine, spinal cord induced disability.3. Twenty seven point nine percent of patients who had surgical treatment has minimal to moderatedisability by Oswestry disability index, so it means we have to process standard of spine surgeryand increase non surgical treatment efficiency.4. Working ability recovers faster when spine surgery has been done.5. These new methods of spine surgery are cost effective than same surgery which will be doneabroad.

Background. Low back pain is a frequently encountered symptom. Although 70-80% of the entirepopulation have low back pain complaints in their lives, only 2-4% of them require surgical intervention.’Department of Neurosurgery, Shastin 3rd Central Hospital about 200 patients who undergo back surgery,while 90% of patients who have prolapsed lumbar disc surgery from 2010 to 2012. There are variousstudies indicating that exercise improves pain and disability in chronic low back pain and in those whohave had surgery. The main objectives of the postoperative rehabilitation programmes are to accelerateand maximize function recovery as much as possible, and to prevent further injury by restricting theprogression of degenerative changes. We evaluated the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatments thatare used in our department which is the first time in our country.Goal. To evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation after lumbar discectomy.Materials and Method. We examined 83 patients were included the Shastin central hospital, Departmentof neurosurgery and rehabilitation after lumbar discectomy at a single level and operated in the periodfrom May 15, 2013 to September 15, 2014. All patients were evaluated at the beginning and at theend of treatment by Oswestry Disability Index which is a specific functional questionnaire for back pain.Pretreatment values are one month after surgery and posttreatment values three months after surgery.All patients received the intensity specific exercise and back school education programme 3 days aweek for eight weeks.Results. All patients pain intensity are reduced after treatment evaluated by VAS (p<0.000). Functionalability had significantly increased after treatment which is evaluated by Oswestry Disability Index in allpatients (p<0.000). 46 from all patients had minimal disability before treatment and this number wasincreased in to 79 after treatment. The number of moderate and severe disabled patients ability wasincreased after treatment.Conclusion: Back school education and specific exercise programme should be one of the parts oftreatment after lumbar discectomy. After treatment was increased functional ability and early painrelief.

BackgroundDandy described first, about intervertebral disc hernia (1929). Mixter W.J and Barr J.S (1934) investigated that correlation of sciatica and lumbar disc hernia. Discectomy is most confirming surgery among all spine surgery. Asymptomatic lumbar disc hernia revealed in 70% of adult, by MRI. Spine disorder is first cause of disability of workers below 45 yrs, in European countries. International research for predisposing, risk factors of intervertebral disc hernia is widely confirmed, but diagnostic and treatment aspects are not completed.Materials and MethodsWe did computer aided search using key words “disc degeneration, risk factor, discectomy, lumbar disc hernia, spinal instrumentation” in online library: MEDLINE, E pub, PUBMED, HINARI, Mongolmed, years 1970-2011, also domestic research works from Central library of HSUM, Mongolia. We included article, case-control study, systematic review, case study.ConclusionIncidence and disability caused by lumbar disc hernia, requiring surgical treatment is common problem in world. By anatomical region, lumbar disc hernia is the highest. Research work revealed that patients who took surgical treatment different by gender (male:female=2:1), geographical region (US 160/100000, Switzerland 62/100000). At last 20 yrs, dramatically changed theory about predisposing factor of disc hernia. It is changed from mechanical load to genetic role. Disc degeneration disease is basis of disc hernia. Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus losing own structure, containing moleculs, and water under degeneration. The risk factors are frequent heavy lifting, frequent twisting and bending, vibration, sedentary work, driving and overweight. The golden standard surgery of herniated disc of cervical area is anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Posterior screw fixation of lumbar vertebrae is most frequently confirming surgery among the world.