Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of aggregative vomiting and diarrhea outbreak in Jing'an District of Shanghai in 2017 and 2018，and provide data support for further development of effective prevention and control measures. Methods A descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze aggregative vomiting and diarrhea outbreak data in Jing'an District in 2017 and 2018. Results A total of 49 outbreaks were reported in Jing'an District in 2017 and 2018，involving 565 cases，with the overall attack rate of 1.89%. The median duration of the outbreak was 5 days and outbreaks mainly occurred in spring and autumn. The attack rate in kindergartens was higher than that in primary and secondary schools, while the total number of outbreak cases in kindergartens was less. The main clinical symptoms of the cases were vomiting, with a higher proportion than that of diarrhea and fever. The vomiting proportion was higher in kindergartens and elementary schools, while the diarrhea proportion was higher in middle schools. Conclusion There were some differences in the epidemic characteristics between kindergartens and primary and secondary schools, therefore different control measures should be adopted according to the characteristics of different institutions. The outbreaks were mainly spread through human-to-human transmission. Early detection and early reporting of epidemics in collective institutions had a positive impact on the control of the spread of the epidemic.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF）， as a progressive lung disease， has a poor prognosis and no reliable and effective therapies. IPF is mainly treated by organ transplantation and administration of chemical drugs， which are ineffective and induce side effects， failing to meet the clinical needs. Therefore， developing safer and more effective drugs has become an urgent task， which necessitates clear understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF. The available studies about the pathogenesis of IPF mainly focus on macrophage polarization， epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT）， oxidative stress， and autophagy， while few studies systematically explain the principles and links of the pathogeneses. According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory， Qi deficiency and blood stasis and Qi-Yang deficiency are the key pathogeneses of IPF. Therefore， the Chinese medicines or compound prescriptions with the effects of replenishing Qi and activating blood， warming Yang and tonifying Qi， and eliminating stasis and resolving phlegm are often used to treat IPF. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that such medicines play a positive role in inhibiting macrophage polarization， restoring redox balance， inhibiting EMT， and regulating cell autophagy. However， few studies report how Chinese medicines regulate the pathways in the treatment of IPF. By reviewing the latest articles in this field， we elaborate on the pathogenesis of IPF and provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanism of the active ingredients or compound prescriptions of Chinese medicines in regulating IPF. Combining the pathogenesis of IPF with the modulating effects of Chinese medicines， we focus on exploring systemic treatment options for IPF， with a view to providing new ideas for the in-depth study of IPF and the research and development of related drugs.

Looking retrospectively at the development of humanity, vaccination is an unprecedented medical landmark that saves lives by harnessing the human immune system. During the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, vaccination is still the most effective defense modality. The successful clinical application of the lipid nanoparticle-based Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines highlights promising future of nanotechnology in vaccine development. Compared with conventional vaccines, nanovaccines are supposed to have advantages in lymph node accumulation, antigen assembly, and antigen presentation; they also have, unique pathogen biomimicry properties because of well-organized combination of multiple immune factors. Beyond infectious diseases, vaccine nanotechnology also exhibits considerable potential for cancer treatment. The ultimate goal of cancer vaccines is to fully mobilize the potency of the immune system as a living therapeutic to recognize tumor antigens and eliminate tumor cells, and nanotechnologies have the requisite properties to realize this goal. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in vaccine nanotechnology from infectious disease prevention to cancer immunotherapy and highlight the different types of materials, mechanisms, administration methods, as well as future perspectives.