1.Discussion on Energy Consumption Management and Green Development of Medical Electrical Equipment.
Jia ZHENG ; Jun HE ; Xinhua YU
Chinese Journal of Medical Instrumentation 2020;44(4):328-330
Facing the new situation of national green development, energy conservation and environmental protection, this study systematically expounds the energy consumption management of medical electrical equipment in USA, Europe and China, and puts forward suggestions on green development of medical electrical equipment in China.
Electricity
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Energy-Generating Resources
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Equipment and Supplies
2.Life cycle assessment of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of cellulosic ethanol from corn stover.
Wang TIAN ; Cuiping LIAO ; Li LI ; Daiqing ZHAO
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology 2011;27(3):516-525
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the only standardized tool currently used to assess environmental loads of products and processes. The life cycle analysis, as a part of LCA, is a useful and powerful methodology for studying life cycle energy efficiency and life cycle GHG emission. To quantitatively explain the potential of energy saving and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction of corn stover-based ethanol, we analyzed life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of corn stover-based ethanol by the method of life cycle analysis. The processes are dilute acid prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. The functional unit was defined as 1 km distance driven by the vehicle. Results indicated: compared with gasoline, the corn stover-based E100 (100% ethanol) and E10 (a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) could reduce life cycle fossil energy consumption by 79.63% and 6.25% respectively, as well as GHG emissions by 53.98% and 6.69%; the fossil energy consumed by biomass stage was 68.3% of total fossil energy input, N-fertilizer and diesel were the main factors which contributed 45.78% and 33.26% to biomass stage; electricity production process contributed 42.06% to the net GHG emissions, the improvement of technology might reduce emissions markedly.
Air Pollution
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analysis
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prevention & control
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Carbon Dioxide
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analysis
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Cellulose
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metabolism
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Energy-Generating Resources
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Ethanol
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metabolism
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Gasoline
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analysis
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Greenhouse Effect
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Plant Stems
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chemistry
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Risk Assessment
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Zea mays
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chemistry
3.Reflection on developing bio-energy industry of large oil company.
Haiyang SUN ; Haijia SU ; Tianwei TAN ; Shumin LIU ; Hui WANG
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology 2013;29(3):299-311
China's energy supply becomes more serious nowadays and the development of bio-energy becomes a major trend. Large oil companies have superb technology, rich experience and outstanding talent, as well as better sales channels for energy products, which can make full use of their own advantages to achieve the efficient complementary of exist energy and bio-energy. Therefore, large oil companies have the advantages of developing bio-energy. Bio-energy development in China is in the initial stage. There exist some problems such as available land, raw material supply, conversion technologies and policy guarantee, which restrict bio-energy from industrialized development. According to the above key issues, this article proposes suggestions and methods, such as planting energy plant in the marginal barren land to guarantee the supply of bio-energy raw materials, cultivation of professional personnel, building market for bio-energy counting on large oil companies' rich experience and market resources about oil industry, etc, aimed to speed up the industrialized process of bio-energy development in China.
Biofuels
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China
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Gasoline
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Industry
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Petroleum
4.Fractionating pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for increasing the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology 2011;27(3):384-392
During the bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol, the biomass always undergoes pretreatment in order to increase the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. In present work, we conducted the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with aqueous acetic acid for delignification and alkali for deacetylation respectively (Acetoline process) to increase cellulose accessibility for enzymatic hydrolysis. The effects of several factors on the pretreatment effectiveness were investigated. The enzymatic digestibility of pretreated bagasse was further studied. The enzymatic glycan conversion of pretreated solid reached about 80% when it was digested under 7.5% solid consistency with cellulase of 15 FPU/g solid and beta-glucosidase of 10 CBU/g solid for 48 h. Compared with dilute acid pretreatment, Acetoline pretreatment could obtain higher enzymatic glycan conversion. The experimental results indicate that Acetoline is an effective pretreatment method to increase the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse.
Acetic Acid
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chemistry
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Biotechnology
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methods
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Cellulase
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metabolism
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Cellulose
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chemistry
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metabolism
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Energy-Generating Resources
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Ethanol
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analysis
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metabolism
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Hydrolysis
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Lignin
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chemistry
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metabolism
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Saccharum
5.Two Cases Showing Severe Abdominal Combustion.
Kyung Moo YANG ; Shin Mong KANG ; Han Young LEE ; Won Tan LEE
Korean Journal of Legal Medicine 2002;26(2):60-63
Two cases showing severe combustion, especially, of the abdomen are presented in this report. The corpse were found in the outdoor field. Their head and four extremities showed relatively weak combustion with their original contour. But, their abdomen including lumbar vertebrae almost totally became ash. Gasoline and Kerosine had been used in each case. At the time of autopsies, I did not understand exactly why these corpse showed peculiar findings like this. Recently one scientist had performed an experiment with pig. The result of the combustion in this reference is same with my cases. According to this experiment, the melted fat leaked from the splitted skin acted as fuel and the burned clothes or blanket acted as a wick. The total combustion of the abdomen is not a suspicious finding of previous open wound before fire. This knowledge is beneficial for the practitioners in the forensic field.
Abdomen
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Autopsy
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Burns
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Cadaver
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Extremities
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Fires
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Gasoline
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Head
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Kerosene
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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Skin
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Wounds and Injuries
6.Auto-LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and its health outcomes: A review.
Acta Medica Philippina 2013;47(2):62-65
The use of auto-LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) has spread globally due to its economic and environmental advantages over gasoline and diesel. The growing popularity of auto-LPG in the country has been challenged by reported health complaints from its use instigating alarms among taxi drivers and passengers. This paper aims to review documented health outcomes of auto-LPG among drivers. Health outcomes of auto-LPG are classified to inhalation effects and burns. Auto-LPG is expected to have inhalational effects such as headache, dizziness, dry throat, nausea and dry cough during prolonged exposure caused by leakage from faulty conversions. Fire and explosion causing significant burns were documented in relation to auto-LPG use. Cases of cold burns or frostbite were also reported. Human factors and technical malfunctions causing leakage were implicated on the reported adverse health event. Limited studies on auto-LPG and health outcomes require the development and use of objective assessment of health outcomes and presence of auto-LPG in the driver's environment to make relevant correlations. Regulations governing auto-LPG should be reviewed to formulate strategic interventions to promote health and safety of drivers as well as the passengers.
Human ; Explosions ; Gasoline ; Dizziness ; Penicillin G Benzathine ; Cough ; Pharynx ; Vertigo ; Fires ; Petroleum ; Blast Injuries ; Burns ; Headache ; Frostbite ; Nausea
7.Household air pollution and lung cancer in China: a review of studies in Xuanwei.
Wei Jie SEOW ; Wei HU ; Roel VERMEULEN ; H Dean Hosgood III ; George S DOWNWARD ; Robert S CHAPMAN ; Xingzhou HE ; Bryan A BASSIG ; Christopher KIM ; Cuiju WEN ; Nathaniel ROTHMAN ; Qing LAN
Chinese Journal of Cancer 2014;33(10):471-475
Over half of the world's population is exposed to household air pollution from the burning of solid fuels at home. Household air pollution from solid fuel use is a leading risk factor for global disease and remains a major public health problem, especially in low- and mid-income countries. This is a particularly serious problem in China, where many people in rural areas still use coal for household heating and cooking. This review focuses on several decades of research carried out in Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, where household coal use is a major source of household air pollution and where studies have linked household air pollution exposure to high rates of lung cancer. We conducted a series of case-control and cohort studies in Xuanwei to characterize the lung cancer risk in this population and the factors associated with it. We found lung cancer risk to vary substantially between different coal types, with a higher risk associated with smoky (i.e., bituminous) coal use compared to smokeless (i.e., anthracite) coal use. The installation of a chimney in homes resulted in a substantial reduction in lung cancer incidence and mortality. Overall, our research underscores the need among existing coal users to improve ventilation, use the least toxic fuel, and eventually move toward the use of cleaner fuels, such as gas and electricity.
Air Pollution, Indoor
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adverse effects
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China
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Coal
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adverse effects
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classification
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Cohort Studies
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Cooking
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Fossil Fuels
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Heating
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Humans
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Incidence
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Lung Neoplasms
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etiology
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mortality
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Risk Factors
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Smoke
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adverse effects
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Smoking
8.Natural gas and indoor air pollution: a comparison with coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas.
Yue ZHANG ; Bao-Sheng CHEN ; Guang-Quan LIU ; Ju-Ning WANG ; Zhen-Hua ZHAO ; Lian-Qing LIN
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2003;16(3):227-236
OBJECTIVEThe study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution.
METHODSRegular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects. Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS).
RESULTSFindings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas; furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and 1-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas. Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1% of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households.
CONCLUSIONCompared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.
Air Pollution, Indoor ; analysis ; Carbon Dioxide ; analysis ; Coal ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Incineration ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; analysis ; Petroleum ; Radon ; analysis ; Volatilization
9.Two Cases of Chemical Pneumonitis Induced by Hydrocarbon Aspiration.
Dong Hyo NOH ; Hak Ryul KIM ; Kyung Hwa CHO ; Dong KIM ; Seong Nam SHIN ; Jeong Hyun SHIN ; Jung Sub SONG ; Ki Eun HWANG ; So Young KIM ; Hwi Jung KIM ; Sei Hoon YANG ; Eun Taik JEONG
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2009;67(2):148-153
Chemical pneumonitis induced by hydrocarbon aspiration is rare in Korea. Kerosene is a petroleum distillate with low viscosity and high volatility. We report two adult cases of chemical pneumonitis caused by the accidental aspiration of kerosene. They were treated successfully with antibiotics and systemic corticosteroids, and recovered without complications.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
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Adult
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Anti-Bacterial Agents
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Humans
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Kerosene
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Korea
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Petroleum
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Pneumonia
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Viscosity
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Volatilization
10.Natural Gas Contrast PET-CT Diagnosis of Carcinoma in Situ of the Papilla of Vater: Report of a Case.
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2009;43(3):250-252
No abstract available.
Carcinoma in Situ
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Gas, Natural