OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the contributions of macronutrients to the total energy intakes and Body Mass Indices (BMI, kg/m2) of Korean women. METHODS: We used dietary records data from 115 healthy Korean women, ages 20 and over, who completed four 3-day dietary records between February 2003 and March 2004. For the calculation of nutrients we used a dietary assessment program developed by the Korean Nutritional Society. Macronutrient intakes were estimated by averaging individual total daily intakes in four 3-day dietary records. Subjects were categorized into three Body Mass Index (BMI) groups: underweight (BMI<20), normal (20< or =BMI<25), and overweight (BMI> or =25) group. RESULTS: The total energy intakes were not different among the three BMI groups. Similarly, other macronutrient intakes such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vegetable protein, animal protein, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not different. From the multivariate nutrient density model, substituting polyunsaturated fatty acid for carbohydrate was positively associated with BMI in women aged 20 to 49 (beta=2.31, p<0.01). In women aged 50 and over, substituting animal protein for carbohydrate was positively associated with BMI (beta=0.549, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: No single macronutrient was associated with BMI when all subjects were combined. However, when stratified by age, polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in younger women, and animal protein intake in older women, were positively associated with BMI. In the future, we recommend a larger study to confirm these results.
Obesity/*epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Korea/epidemiology ; Humans ; Female ; Energy Intake/*physiology ; *Diet Records ; Body Mass Index ; Adult

Obesity is prevalent in Korea. An increase in food intake and a decrease in energy expenditure are responsible for obesity. Gut hormones play a role in controlling food intake. Obesity is suggested to be linked to common gastrointestinal functional disorders. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Epidemiologic studies indicate that obesity is associated with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. This association suggests the possibility that obesity and functional gastrointestinal disorders may be pathophysiologically linked. However, data on the relationship between obesity and functional gastrointestinal disorders are inconsistent. In this paper, we review the role of gastrointestinal hormones in food intake and the relationship between obesity and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Barrett Esophagus/*etiology ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism ; Esophageal Neoplasms/*etiology ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/*etiology ; Humans ; Obesity/*complications/pathology ; Peptide Hormones/metabolism/physiology

Excess energy intake, without a compensatory increase of energy expenditure, leads to obesity. Several molecules are involved in energy homeostasis regulation and new ones are being discovered constantly. Appetite regulating hormones such as ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and amylin or incretins such as the gastric inhibitory polypeptide have been studied extensively while other molecules such as fibroblast growth factor 21, chemerin, irisin, secreted frizzle-related protein-4, total bile acids, and heme oxygenase-1 have been linked to energy homeostasis regulation more recently and the specific role of each one of them has not been fully elucidated. This mini review focuses on the above mentioned molecules and discusses them in relation to their regulation by the macronutrient composition of the diet as well as diet-induced weight loss.
Appetite ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Diet ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ; Ghrelin ; Heme Oxygenase-1 ; Homeostasis* ; Incretins ; Islet Amyloid Polypeptide ; Obesity ; Physiology* ; Weight Loss*

Obesity worldwide is constantly increasing. Obesity acts as an independent significant risk factor for malignant tumors of various organs including colorectal cancer. Visceral adipose tissue is physiologically more important than subcutaneous adipose tissue. The relative risk of colorectal cancer of obese patients is about 1.5 times higher than the normal-weight individuals, and obesity is also associated with premalignant colorectal adenoma. The colorectal cancer incidence of obese patients has gender-specific and site-specific characteristics that it is higher in men than women and in the colon than rectum. Obesity acts as a risk factor of colorectal carcinogenesis by several mechanisms. Isulin, insulin-like growth factor, leptin, adiponectin, microbiome, and cytokines of chronic inflammation etc. have been understood as its potential mechanisms. In addition, obesity in patients with colorectal cancer negatively affects the disease progression and response of chemotherapy. Although the evidence is not clear yet, there are some reports that weight loss as well as life-modification such as dietary change and physical activity can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. It is very important knowledge in the point that obesity is a potentially modifiable risk factor that can alter the incidence and outcome of the colorectal cancer.
Adipokines/metabolism/physiology ; Body Mass Index ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*etiology/prevention & control ; Energy Intake ; Exercise ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Obesity/*complications ; Somatomedins/metabolism/physiology ; Weight Loss

BACKGROUNDDuring the last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associated with nutrient intakes of urban Chinese pregnant women now-a-day.

METHODSThe multistage stratified random sampling method was applied in the cross-sectional study. 479 women in three trimesters of pregnancy from eight cities of China were recruited. Nutrient intakes were evaluated with one 24 h dietary recall, and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 2013 for available nutrients.

RESULTSMost pregnant women had imbalanced macronutrient distribution with excessive energy derived from fat. Intakes of Vitamin A, B 6, calcium, magnesium, and selenium were below Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) and Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in all trimesters. Most pregnant women took more folic acid in the first trimester with a significant decrease in the second and third trimester (P < 0.05). Shortfall in iron intake was found in the third trimester whereas some women may be at the risk of excessive iron intake. Intakes of thiamin met RNI in the first trimester but were below EAR in all trimesters. Trimester phasing was positively associated with most nutrients (P < 0.05). Prepregnancy body mass index was inversely associated with energy, fat, Vitamin C, and calcium intake (P < 0.05). Educational level and household income were positively associated with folic acid intake (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSCurrent prenatal dietary choices of urban pregnant women in China are imbalanced in the nutrient intake when compared with national DRIs 2013, particularly in intakes of energy derived from fat and micronutrients. Appropriate dietary advice to pregnant women should promote a balanced diet with emphasis on avoidance of foods of high fat content and incorporation of foods that are good sources of the key micronutrients that are usually lacking in a regular pregnancy diet. Further research is needed to understand the eating habits and food patterns that contribute to this imbalanced diet in order to be able to effectively improve prenatal women's nutrient intake status.

Adult ; China ; Cities ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Energy Intake ; physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Nutritional Requirements ; Nutritional Status ; physiology ; Pregnancy ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThe effect of dietary restriction, intense exercise and menstrual dysfunction on bone mineral density remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the skeletal health status and relationship between bone mineral density and nutrient intake, menstrual status, estrogen level and other factos in Chinese adolescent dancers.

METHODSSixty dancers and 77 healthy controls underwent measurements of bone density, body composition, and estrogen level. Nutrient intake, menstrual status and physical activity were assessed with questionnaires. The correlation between these factors were analyzed.

RESULTSThe dancers under study had a significantly lean body mass index (18.3 +/- 1.4 kg/m2 vs. 21.7 +/- 3.1 kg/m2), lower percentage of body fat (0.25 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.04) and later age at menarche (14.0 +/- 0.9 y vs. 13.0 +/- 1.3 y), and the estrogen level, daily calorie and fat intake in them were also lower than in the controls. All the dancers undertook intensive physical activity every day and up to 69% of them suffered from irregular menarche. Yet they had relatively high BMD and BMC of the total body and legs than the controls after adjusting for BMI and age. Site-specific BMD was positively correlated to BMI, body composition and training hours per week and negatively correlated to the age at menarche and menstrual frequency.

CONCLUSIONSThe relatively high BMD and BMC of the dancers at the total body and legs were probably caused by high levels of weight-bearing physical activity. To ameliorate disordered eating, especially low energy intake might be helpful to prevent the Triad and to improve the bone health in adolescent dancers.

Adolescent ; Bone Density ; China ; epidemiology ; Dancing ; physiology ; statistics & numerical data ; Energy Intake ; Exercise ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Menstruation Disturbances ; epidemiology ; Osteoporosis ; prevention & control ; Sex Characteristics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the total energy intake, the energy from milk and other foods in the infants aged 4 to 12 months and analyze the factors related to the energy intake.

METHODSTotally 132 infants aged 4 months, who were brought for serial measurements to the Department of Primary Child Care, from November 2004 to March 2005 were enrolled into this study and were serially followed up until 12 months of age. The infants were divided into 3 groups, group A, age 4-5 months; group B, age 6-8 months; group C, age 9-12 months. The weights and the recumbent body lengths were measured by two professional staff members. The assessment of physical growth of the infants was done by using the CDC2000 reference. As the changes of Z score on weight for age (Delta WAZ) were < -0.67 during the two visits, the participation of the infants to this study was discontinued. The dietary intakes of the infants were calculated according to 24 h dietary records or after weighing foods for sequential 3 days,

RESULTS(1) When the Delta WAZs of the participated infants were between 0.67 and -0.67, the food intakes among three groups were 119-128 g/(kg.d), the protein intakes were 1.82 g/(kg x d), 2.76 g/(kg x d) and 3.52 g/(kg x d), respectively. The milk intakes were 76-114 g/(kg x d), which accounted for 93% of energy intakes in group A, 64% in group B and 56% in group C. The energy intakes of the 3 groups were 83.9 kcal/(kg x d), 81.6 kcal/(kg x d), and 85.8 kcal/(kg x d), respectively, which were almost similar to WHO 2003 recommendations, and lower than that of Chinese RNI. (2) The data from multiple linear regression analysis showed that the food intakes and the energy density were the most important factors related to energy intakes. The energy density of all foods was 0.6-0.8 kcal/g.

CONCLUSIONS(1) The growth of the infants was within the normal range as the energy intakes were 82-86 kcal/(kg x d). (2) The infants may need 900-750 g/d of milk to meet the basic requirements of energy and protein. (3) The food intakes and the energy density were the most important factors related to the energy intakes, the appropriate energy density for infants is 0.6-0.8 kcal/g.

Body Height ; physiology ; Body Weight ; physiology ; Breast Feeding ; Child ; Diet Records ; Eating ; physiology ; Energy Intake ; physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; analysis ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; physiology ; Milk, Human ; Nutritive Value

BACKGROUND: Oral health is thought to be associated with diet quality, and socioeconomic status (SES) affects both oral health and diet. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the number of teeth and dietary intake as well as nutritional biomarker, considering the subjects' SES. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2049 individuals aged ≥ 50 years from the National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Non-communicable Disease and its Trends in the Aged 2010. The number of remaining teeth was categorized into age-specific quartiles (Q1 to Q4). We assessed the adjusted means and 95% confidence intervals for dietary variables by the number of teeth using analysis of covariance. Stratified analyses by SES were also conducted. RESULTS: The intake of grain products was 31 g higher, and those of vegetables and meat were 30 g and 8 g lower, respectively, in Q1 (fewer teeth) than in Q4 (more teeth). Carbohydrate intake was higher whereas protein, minerals (potassium, magnesium, and zinc), vitamins (vitamins A, E, B, B, β-carotene, and folic acid), and dietary fiber intakes were lower among individuals with fewer teeth. Adjusted mean serum albumin levels were low in Q1. The associations between the number of teeth and dietary intake were more evident in individuals with a low SES. CONCLUSIONS Having few remaining teeth was associated with a low nutrient intake and low serum albumin levels in middle-aged and older Japanese adults, and these associations were more evident in individuals with low SES.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carbohydrates ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Energy Intake ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Japan ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrients ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Serum Albumin ; analysis ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Tooth ; Vegetables

OBJECTIVETo explore the cause of decreasing intake food of diet-induced obesity resistant (DIO-R) rats.

METHODSFifty male Sprague-dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group and high-fat group and they were fed with basic diet and high-fat diet respectively for 13 weeks. DIO-R and diet-induced obesity (DIO) rats were selected according to their body weight and the quantity of energy intake, then observing the changes of the total food intake, the level of serum leptin and plasma NPY were determined by radioimmunoassay and the contents of the melanocortin receptor-4 (MCR-4) in brain were determined by Western Blot.

RESULTSThe total food intake of DIO-R rats was (1 679.1 +/- 146.8) g. The total food intake of DIO rats was (1 818.4 +/- 148.9) g. The total food intake of DIO-R rats was lower than that of DIO rats (P < 0.05). The level of plasma NPY of DIO-R rats was (795.24 +/- 83.59) ng/L. The level of plasma NPY of DIO rats was (1 007.14 +/- 172.83) ng/L. The level of plasma NPY of DIO-R rats was lower than that of the DIO rats (P < 0.05). The levels of serum leptin of basic, DIO-R and DIO rats was (4.80 +/- 0.75) microg/L, (9.17 +/- 1.19) microg/L and (9.32 +/- 1.04) microg/L. The level of serum leptin of rats in high-fat diet group was increased as compared with the rats in basic diet group, but there was no significant difference between DIO-R and DIO rats (P > 0.05). The levels of brain MCR-4 of basic, DIO-R and DIO rats were (342 +/- 31) mm2, (455 +/- 33) mm2, (355 +/- 30) mm2. High fat diets increased the content of brain MCR-4 in DIO-R rats.

CONCLUSIONDIO-R rats decreased appetite by increasing expression of ob gene to reduce activity of NPY pathway and activate the MCR-4 pathway, and thus inhibit the increase body of weight.

Animals ; Appetite ; physiology ; Blotting, Western ; Body Weight ; physiology ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Dietary Fats ; administration & dosage ; Disease Models, Animal ; Energy Intake ; physiology ; Leptin ; blood ; Male ; Neuropeptide Y ; blood ; Obesity ; blood ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Radioimmunoassay ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 ; metabolism

This study was conducted to evaluate whether the composition of carbohydrate or fat diet affects insulin resistance by measuring the muscle glucose transport rate. Both high-sucrose and high-starch diet with or without high-fat decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport, but there were no significant differences among groups. Calorie intake in both high-sucrose and high-starch diet groups was higher than in chow group. The high-fat high-sucrose diet induced decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose transport was partially improved by supplement with fish oil. Calorie intake in high-fat high-sucrose and fish oil supplemented groups was higher than in chow group. The decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport was accompanied by the increase in visceral fat mass, plasma triglyceride and insulin levels. These changes were improved by the supplement with fish oil. These results demonstrate that the composition of fat in diet is clearly instrumental in the induction of muscle insulin resistance. However, in high carbohydrate diet, it is likely that the amount of calorie intake may be a more important factor in causing insulin resistance than the composition of carbohydrate. Thus, the compositions of carbohydrate and fat in diet differentially affect on muscle insulin resistance.
Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Body Weight ; Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates/*pharmacology ; Dietary Fats/*pharmacology ; Dietary Supplements ; Energy Intake/drug effects ; Fish Oils/pharmacology ; Insulin/blood ; Insulin Resistance/*physiology ; Intra-Abdominal Fat/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/*drug effects/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley