Animals ; Endothelium, Vascular ; physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; physiology

The vascular endothelium is a dynamic structure responsible for the separation and regulated movement of biological material between circulation and interstitial fluid. Hormones and nutrients can move across the endothelium either via a transcellular or paracellular route. Transcellular endothelial transport is well understood and broadly acknowledged to play an important role in the normal and abnormal physiology of endothelial function. However, less is known about the role of the paracellular route. Although the concept of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes is now widely accepted, we suggest that alterations in paracellular transport should be studied in greater detail and incorporated into this model. In this review we provide an overview of endothelial paracellular permeability and discuss its potential importance in contributing to the development of diabetes and associated complications. Accordingly, we also contend that if better understood, altered endothelial paracellular permeability could be considered as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.
Adherens Junctions ; Adiponectin ; Endothelium ; Endothelium, Vascular ; Extracellular Fluid ; Insulin ; Permeability ; Physiology ; Tight Junctions

Antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have been detected in the sera of patients of autoimmune diseases showing vasculitis. Using IgM-ELISA, we found AECA in 42 (56%) of 75 sera samples from patients with Behcet's disease in a previous study. All of the 15 AECA-positive sera of Behcet's disease patients had an increased expression of the intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), 93.3% of the sera induced the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and 100% of the serum induced the E-selectin molecule on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC). After stimulation of HDMEC with AECA-positive sera of Behcet's disease patients, the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on HDMEC increased significantly at 4 hours, reaching a peak at 16 hours. Expression of E-selectin was induced at 1 hour after stimulation with a peak at 4 hours and it decreased thereafter. Adherence of T lymphocytes to HDMEC increased significantly after stimulation with AECA-positive sera from Behcet's disease patients. Also, the adherence of T lymphocytes to HDMEC increased at 4 hours and returned to its normal level at 48 hours. These results show that AECA-positive sera of Behcet's disease patients are capable of activating HDMEC to promote the adherence of T lymphocytes to increase the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin on the cell surfaces. The whole process may play an important role in the pathogenesis of vasculitis in Behcet's disease.
Antibodies/physiology* ; Antibodies/blood ; Behcet's Syndrome/immunology ; Behcet's Syndrome/blood* ; Blood Physiology ; Cell Adhesion/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelium, Vascular/physiology* ; Endothelium, Vascular/immunology* ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology ; Human ; Microcirculation/physiology ; Skin/blood supply* ; T-Lymphocytes/physiology*

To explore the changes of wall shear stress(WSS) effect on arterial endothelial cell(EC) apoptosis after reducing arterial blood flow. The reducing flow model was established in 60 rabbits. Endothelial stretched preparations were made at 8 different time intervals from 0 to 30 days. The apoptosis rate of arterial endothelial cells (AEC) was measured with TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling(TUNEL) method. The results showed that the apoptosis rate of AEC was significantly higher from 1 day to 7 days after decreasing WSS than that of control, which peaked on day 3. While with progressively increasing in WSS, the apoptosis rate restored to the level of control from 14 days to 30 days. These suggest that the apoptosis state of AEC might be markedly influenced by the changes of WSS. The persist decreasing of WSS may be the important factor which induces the cell apoptosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Arteries ; cytology ; physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular ; cytology ; physiology ; Male ; Rabbits ; Regional Blood Flow ; Shear Strength

BACKGROUNDNon-heart-beating donor lung has been a promising source of lung transplantation. Many studies on non-heart-beating donor lungs are based on animal lung transplantation. In this study, we assessed by organ bath the effect of one-hour warm ischemia on the non-heart-beating donor lung in terms of the integrity of contractile and relaxant functions and tissue structures of pulmonic arteries and bronchi.

METHODSSixteen Swedish pigs were randomly classified into two groups: heart-beating donor group and 1-hour warm ischemia non-heart-beating donor group. Pulmonic and bronchial rings were taken from the isolated left lungs of the pigs. The pulmonic rings were stimulated by U-46619 (5.7 mol/L) and acetylcholine (10(-4) mmol/L) to assess the contractile abilities of smooth muscle and the endothelium-dependent relaxation response, respectively. As such, acetylcholine (10(-5) mmol/L) and natrium arachidonic acid (0.01%) were used to detect the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium-dependent relaxation response. Meanwhile, the variances of precontraction tension of control groups were recorded to measure whether there was spontaneous relaxation during endothelium/epithelium-dependent relaxation course. Finally, papaverine solution (10(-4) mmol/L) was used to detect the non-endothelium/epithelium-dependent relaxant abilities of pulmonic and bronchial smooth muscles.

RESULTSThere was no significant difference in the tension values of precontraction of pulmonic rings (P > 0.05), endothelium-dependent relaxation (P > 0.05), precontraction of bronchial rings (P > 0.05) and epithelium-dependent relaxation (P > 0.05) between the heart-beating donor group and the 1-hour warm ischemia non-heart-beating donor group. And the pulmonic and bronchial rings of each subgroup B had no spontaneous relaxation. Finally, papaverine solution relaxed the smooth muscle of all the rings completely.

CONCLUSIONSThe results of this experiment suggest that the contractile and relaxant functions and tissue structures of pulmonic arteries and bronchi are not damaged after warm ischemia for 1 hour, and support the further study of non-heart-beating donor lung.

Animals ; Bronchi ; physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular ; physiology ; Lung Transplantation ; Pulmonary Artery ; physiology ; Swine ; Tissue Donors ; Vasodilation ; Warm Ischemia ; methods

The coupling between the endothelium and blood flow is an important biomedical problem and has drawn extensive research. Endothelial cells are known to adapt their shapes and functions in response to applied shear flow. Shear Stress being regarded as a primary triggering signal for cellular remodeling, it is important to understand the interaction mechanism between applied shear flow and endothelial cells. In present study we have established a theoretical model to simulate the coupling between the deformation of an endothelial cell and applied shear flow. A two dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is conducted to determine the local distributions of mechanical stress and pressure on cell surface. Our results show that: (1) the deformation of endothelial cell changes with alpha (corresponding to the shear stress imposed on cell surface by flow fluid). When alpha is greater than 0.021, the cell deformability increases greatly; (2) the distributions of stress and pressure on cell surface are not uniform, but the maximal shear stress and displacement are always at the top point of the cell. Meanwhile, we have measured the deformation of cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) exposed to shear flow by using a flow chamber. We found that the numerical results are well consistent with those of experiment. These results suggest that the non-uniformity distributions of mechanical stress and pressure on cell surface may play a particular role in the mechanism of cell activation and in the regulation of endothelial cells functions (modification of cytoskeleton, distributions of adhesion molecules, etc.). The present study offers a framework to facilitate the development of a comprehensive dynamic model for endothelial cells.
Aorta ; cytology ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelium, Vascular ; cytology ; physiology ; Humans ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Stress, Mechanical

It is the infent of this study to establish a simple method for cultivation of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells(PMVECs) and investigate the viscoelasticity of PMVECs. First, we obtained rat's peripheral pulmonary tissue, which then was cut into small pieces and cultured with 3 ml DMEM containing 20% bovine calf serum, 90 U/ml heparin, 4 mmol L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 micrograms/ml streptomycin. Next, moved away the pulmonary tissue pieces 60 h later, and started passage 2-4 days after continued culture. Last, digested and separated PMVECs and studied viscoelastic coefficients of PMVECs by using micropipette aspiration technique. The results revealed that the cultured PMVECs showed regular cobblestone morphology and conformed with endothelial cells morphological characterization by phase contrast microscopy. PMVECs elastic modulus K1 was 49.3 +/- 9.2 Pa, K2 was 73.2 +/- 24.8 Pa, and it's viscosity factor mu was 19.2 +/- 7.2 Pa. s. These data demonstrate that it is feasible to cultivate PMVECs with tissue pieces method, and PMVECs is of greater rigidity.
Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Elasticity ; Endothelium, Vascular ; cytology ; physiology ; Lung ; blood supply ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Viscosity

Apoptosis ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; pathology ; Endothelium, Vascular ; pathology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; physiology ; Humans ; Stress, Physiological

The incidence and mortality rates of diabetes with cardiovascular complications are continually rising, and diabetic cardiovascular disease is becoming a major public health issue that threatens human health. Acute endothelial dysfunction and chronic cellular damage caused by diabetes are important risk factors for diabetic cardiovascular disease and related mortality. Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived molecule with significant cytoprotective effects, including the protection against diabetes-induced vascular endothelial injury. Here we review the mechanisms of adiponectin protective effects on acute vascular endothelial dysfunction and chronic structural damage induced by diabetes.
Adiponectin ; physiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; pathology ; Endothelium, Vascular ; physiopathology ; Humans

To determine applicability of the cryopreservation procedure for vessel grafts, the viability of endothelial cells (ECs) among the whole cells in three kinds of organs artery, vein, trachea in mongrel dogs was evaluated on the basis of histological analysis. The Griffonia simplicifolia agglutins-fluorescein isothiocyanate (GSA-FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) double staining methods were combined with flow cytometry (FCM), which was able to simultaneously determine the viability of whole cells and ECs from the same tissue, were performed after harvesting, after antibiotic solution treatment, and after cryopreservation and thawing. In most cases, the viability of ECs is lower than that of whole cells from veins and arteries. The viability of whole cells in veins was maintained until the antibiotic solution treatment and then decreased significantly after cryopreservation and thawing, while the ECs began to decrease significantly after the antibiotic solution treatment and more markedly decreased after thawing. The viability of ECs and whole cells from arteries was similar to that of the veins' conditions. The viability of whole cells from the trachea decreased with a similar pattern to that of the ECs from vessels. In consideration of maintaining cell viability among the three kinds of organs, the viability of arteries was better than that of the others. The cells in the trachea demonstrated a lower viability than the vessels. The effect of antibiotic solution treatment on the reduction of cell viability depends on the treatment time and temperature.
Animalt ; Arteries/transplantation ; Cell Survival ; Coronary Vessels*/transplantatione ; Cryopreservation* ; Dogs ; Endothelium, Vascular/physiology* ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology ; Female ; Male ; Trachea*/transplantation ; Middle Age ; Veins/transplantation