Elimination of spermatogenic cells via apoptosis occurs spontaneously under normal physiologic conditions and is often aggravated after chemical-induced testicular impairment. A great amount of pollutants is released into the environment by modern industry, and many of these substances have been confirmed possessing reproductive toxicity, which can affect the reproduction and development of organism. These chemicals have been categorized to endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs). Studying spermatogenic cell apoptosis induced by EDCs will enrich and expand the pathway to identify EDCs, and will put forward new expounding of its mechanism. It has important meaning in the field of reproduction toxicology and male fertility.
Apoptosis ; Endocrine System ; cytology ; drug effects ; Environmental Pollutants ; toxicity ; Humans ; Male ; Reproduction ; drug effects ; Spermatogenesis ; drug effects

Child ; Child Development ; drug effects ; Endocrine Glands ; drug effects ; growth & development ; physiology ; Hazardous Substances ; poisoning ; Humans ; Nervous System ; drug effects ; Urogenital System ; drug effects

Endocrine Disruptors ; toxicity ; Environmental Pollutants ; toxicity ; Humans ; Immune System ; drug effects

The reproductive toxicity of environmental endocrine disruptors has attracted substantial attention from researchers in recent years. Bisphenol A (BPA) is among the most prominent environmental estrogens worldwide, demonstrated to be related with the impairment of male reproductive function as well as other health problems, such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. BPA acts primarily by mimicking antiandrogenic and estrogenic effects, disturbing the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and modulating gene expressions and enzyme activities in the hormone biosynthesis affecting steroids or its receptors. BPA is also involved in DNA methylation and the effects of epigenetics, resulting in dyszoospermia, oligoasthenoteratospermia/azoospermia and/or infertility in males. This review addresses the effects of BPA on male reproductive function, focusing on the mechanisms of its toxicity on spermatogenesis, semen quality, and the reproductive system.
Benzhydryl Compounds ; toxicity ; Endocrine Disruptors ; toxicity ; Endocrine System ; drug effects ; Environmental Pollutants ; toxicity ; Estrogens ; toxicity ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; chemically induced ; Male ; Phenols ; toxicity ; Semen Analysis ; Spermatogenesis ; drug effects

More and more importance has been attached to the problem of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) since 1960s. This article elaborates the recent research progress of EDCs in water and the trends in the near future in China.
China ; Endocrine System ; drug effects ; Fresh Water ; chemistry ; Humans ; Research Design ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; adverse effects ; analysis ; Water Purification ; standards

The aim of this paper was to study the effect of Lepidium meyenii(Maca) on cyclic nucleotides, neurotransmitter levels and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immunization of deficiency-cold and deficiency-heat syndrome rats, in order to explore the cold and hot medicinal properties of Maca. SD rats were divided into blank group, deficiency-cold syndrome group, Cinnamomi Cortex of deficiency-cold syndrome(30 g·kg~(-1)) group, high and low-dose Maca groups(2.4, 1.2 g·kg~(-1)), deficiency-heat syndrome group, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex(PCC) of deficiency-heat syndrome(5 g·kg~(-1)), and high and low-dose Maca groups(2.4, 1.2 g·kg~(-1)). The rats were treated with intramuscular injection of hydrocortisone(20 mg·kg~(-1)) or dexamethasone sodium phosphate(0.35 mg·kg~(-1)) for 21 days to set up the deficiency-cold and deficiency-heat model. The levels of cAMP, cGMP, NE, DA, 5-HT, CRH, ACTH, CORT and IgM, IgG, C3, C4 were detected by radio immunoassay. Both the high-dose Maca group and the low-dose Maca group can significantly improve the overall state and body weight of rats with deficiency-cold syndrome(P<0.01, P<0.05), significantly increasing cAMP, cAMP/cGMP, NE, DA, ACTH(P<0.01, P<0.001), and significantly decreasing 5-HT(P<0.01, P<0.001). However, high-dose and low-dose Maca groups could not improve the deficiency-heat syndrome, and the levels of cAMP, cGMP, cAMP/cGMP, NE, DA, 5-HT and ACTH were not statistically significant. Maca had a significant regulatory effect on CORT, IgM, IgG and C3 content of rats with deficiency-cold and deficiency-heat syndrome(P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.001). Maca showed the same effect with Cinnamomi Cortex in adjusting the levels of deficiency-cold rats, but in opposition to Phellodendri Chinese Cortex. This paper confirmed that Maca was slightly warm based on its effect on cyclic nucleotide levels and neuro-endocrine-immune networks by the pharmacological experimental method.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Endocrine System/drug effects* ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Immune System/drug effects* ; Lepidium/chemistry* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Nervous System/drug effects* ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Nucleotides, Cyclic ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Temperature

To investigate the characteristics of the cold and heat properties of each resolution component of Açaí and the material basis of cooling by observing the effect of resolution components, such as Açaí oil, alcohol extract and water extract, on the neurotransmitter, endocrine hormone and immune factor level in mice with deficiency-heat and deficiency-cold syndrome. KM male mice were randomly divided into 12 groups, namely blank group, deficiency-heat model group, deficiency-heat+Açaí group, deficiency-heat+Açaí oil group, deficiency-heat+Açaí alcohol extract group, deficiency-heat+Açaí water extract group, deficiency-cold model group, deficiency-cold+Cinnamomi Cortex group, deficiency-cold+Açaí group, deficiency-cold+Açaí oil group, deficiency-cold+Açaí alcohol extract group, and deficiency-cold+Açaí water extract group. The mice in deficiency-heat group were given with thyroid tablet solution(160 mg·kg~(-1)), and the mice in deficiency-cold group were given with hydrocortisone solution(25 mg·kg~(-1)) by intragastric administration every afternoon for 14 days. The mice in each administration group received corresponding drug. The neurotransmitter, endocrine hormone and immune factor levels in the mice were measured after the experiment. The Açaí alcohol extract, consistent with the Açaí powder, showed a regulatory effect on the deficiency-heat model mice; Açaí oil and its water extract were consistent with Cinna-momi Cortex, showing a regulatory effect on the deficiency-cold model mice. In this study, on the basis of proving that Açaí was was cool in property, it also revealed that alcohol extract of Açaí was cool while oil and water extract were warm in property based on the effect of Açaí on neuro-endocrine-immune network. The results suggested that the medicine property of Açaí was the result of the comprehensive action of the resolution components with different properties, and the alcohol extract of Açaí was proved as the material basis of Açaí cold medicine by using the methods of homogeneous comparison and heterogeneous disproval.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Endocrine System/drug effects* ; Euterpe/chemistry* ; Hormones/metabolism* ; Immune System/drug effects* ; Immunologic Factors/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice ; Nervous System/drug effects* ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism* ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*

OBJECTIVETo study the influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation on the testicular histology and reproductive endocrine function in male rats and investigate the possible mechanism of inflammation affecting male fertility.

METHODSThirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group (A) and three LPS intervention groups (B, C, and D) to receive saline and LPS (5 mg/kg i. p, once), respectively. The animals in groups B, C, and D were killed by anesthesia at 12, 24, and 72 hours after treatment. Histopathological changes in the left testis of the rats were observed by HE staining and the levels of the reproductive hormones T, FSH, and LH in the serum were determined by ELISA.

RESULTSCompared with group B, group A showed clear structure of seminiferous tubules, orderly arrangement of spermatogenic cells, a slightly decreased number of sperm in some seminiferous tubular lumens, and shed spermatogenic cells in the rat testis tissue; group C exhibited thinner seminiferous epithelia, disordered structure of seminiferous tubules, irregular arrangement of spermatogenic cells, decreased number of mature sperm and obvious shedding of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubular lumens; group D manifested similar findings to those of group C, with even more shed spermatogenic cells that blocked the tubular lumens. The levels of serum T, LH, and FSH were (0.490 +/- 0.028) ng/ml, (6.290 +/- 0.515) ng/L, and (1.837 +/- 0.127) IU/L in group A, (0.460 +/- 0.024) ng/ml, (5.881 +/- 0.124) ng/L, and (1.707 +/- 0.098) IU/L in group B, (0.417 +/- 0.021) ng/ml, (5.123 +/- 0.271) ng/L, and (1.620 +/- 0.115) IU/L in group C, and (0.378 +/- 0.021) ng/ml, (4.504 +/- 0.279) ng/L and (1.562 +/- 0.216) IU/L in group D, all decreased in group B as compared with A (P > 0.05). The decreases of T and LH were extremely significant (P < 0.01) and that of FSH was significant in groups C and D (P < 0.05) in comparison with A.

CONCLUSIONLPS-induced inflammation affects the testicular tissue and reproductive endocrine function of male rats, resulting in decreased levels of serum T, LH, and FSH.

Animals ; Endocrine System ; drug effects ; physiology ; Fertility ; drug effects ; physiology ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; blood ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides ; toxicity ; Luteinizing Hormone ; blood ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Reproduction ; Seminiferous Tubules ; drug effects ; pathology ; Spermatocytes ; drug effects ; Testis ; drug effects ; pathology ; Testosterone ; blood

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the impairment of fenvalerate on reproductive and endocrine systems and clarify the mechanism of action.

METHODSDifferent doses of fenvalerate (0, 2, 4, 12, 60 mg/kg) were orally treated to the adult male SD rats for 15 days and 30 days, respectively. The levels of serum follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone(T) and testis homogenate T were determined by radioimmunoassay(RIA). Besides, the activity of testicular marked enzymes such as acid phosphatases(ACP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase(gamma-GT) were examined, and sperm head counts were measured to explain the changes of daily sperm production(Spr).

RESULTSIn fifteen days, serum FSH levels markedly increased in rats exposed to fenvalerate of < or = 12 mg/kg groups(P < 0.01) and serum levels of LH increased in 12 mg/kg group(P < 0.01). In addition, T levels in testis homogenates decreased after treated with the doses of > or = 12 mg/kg groups compared with the control group(P < 0.01). In thirty days, serum contents of FSH were significantly elevated in the doses of > or = 12 mg/kg groups(P < 0.01) and homogenate levels of T were diminished in the low dose group(2.4 mg/kg) (P < 0.05). Activity of ACP increased in 12 mg/kg group after fifteen days(P < 0.05) and was restrained in the high dose group(60 mg/kg) in thirty days(P < 0.05), but the contents of gamma-GT were arrested with different doses dependently in the testis(P < 0.05). Fenvalerate caused dose-dependent reduction in sperm head counts and daily sperm production, which markedly reduced at the doses of > or = 12 mg/kg groups(P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSFenvalerate has obvious reproductive toxicity on male rats and can change their serum and testis homogenate levels of sex hormone or activity of testicular marked enzymes, which may be correlated with the impairment of Sertoli cell and spermatogenic epithelium.

Animals ; Endocrine System ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; blood ; Insecticides ; toxicity ; Luteinizing Hormone ; blood ; Male ; Nitriles ; Pyrethrins ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reproduction ; drug effects ; Spermatozoa ; drug effects ; Testosterone ; blood

INTRODUCTION: Epidural steroid injections are an integral part of nonsurgical management of radicular pain from lumbar spine disorders. We studied the effect of dexamethasone 8 mg epidural injections on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serum glucose control of Asian patients. METHODS: 18 patients were recruited: six diabetics and 12 non-diabetics. Each patient received a total of dexamethasone 8 mg mixed with a local anaesthetic solution of lignocaine or bupivacaine, delivered into the epidural space. Levels of plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), serum glucose after an overnight fast and two-hour postprandial glucose, as well as weight, body mass index, blood pressure and heart rate were measured within one week prior to the procedure (baseline) and at one, seven and 21 days after the procedure. RESULTS: Median fasting blood glucose levels were significantly higher on post-procedure Day 1 than at baseline. However, there was no significant change in median two-hour postprandial blood glucose from baseline levels. At seven and 21 days, there was no significant difference in fasting or two-hour postprandial glucose levels. Both ACTH and serum cortisol were significantly reduced on Day 1 compared to baseline in all patients. There was no significant difference in ACTH and serum cortisol levels from baseline at Days 7 and 21. CONCLUSION Our study shows that epidural steroid injections with dexamethasone have a real, albeit limited, side effect on glucose and cortisol homeostasis in an Asian population presenting with lower back pain or sciatica.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; blood ; Adult ; Aged ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Body Mass Index ; Dexamethasone ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Diabetes Mellitus ; therapy ; Endocrine System ; drug effects ; Female ; Glucocorticoids ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; blood ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; drug effects ; Injections, Epidural ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; drug effects ; Postprandial Period ; Singapore ; Young Adult