No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Encephalitis*

Background: \r\n', u'Japanese encephalitis virus (JE) is the most prevalent in Asia, Pacific and in mainland northern Australia; and considered to be the leading cause to the acute encephalitis. The case- fatality and sequela rates in children stay rather high. There were some medical technologies for the JE diagnosis, of which is the application of the expensive MAC- ELISA and PEN TAX kits.\r\n', u'Objectives: \r\n', u'To evaluate and compare the light sensitivity of MAC- ELISA and PENTAX Kits in JE diagnosis.\r\n', u'Subjects and method: \r\n', u'48 pairs of sera samples obtained from the patients with clinically manifested Japanese encephalitis (JE) in 2003- 2005, in some northern provinces, they were applied and tested into MAC- ELISA Kits.\r\n', u'Results:\r\n', u'The sensitivity of MAC- ELISA and PENTAX kits detecting IgM against JE virus were 95.71%, and 98.57%, respectively. In addition to that, the sensitivity of these two kits used to detect JE IgM within the first 7 days of the disease was very high (around 92.31%-96.15%).\r\n', u'Conclusion: \r\n', u'The sensitivity of MAC- ELISA and PENTAX kits used to detect IgM against JE virus was very high. \r\n', u'
Encephalitis ; Japanese/ diagnosis

From 2000ml supernatant fluid of infected Aedes albopictus cells clone C6/36, Nam Dinh virus antigen was prepared by ultracentrifuge generating 5ml purified antigen. Protein content of the purified antigen is 4.4 mg/ml and antigen titer stabilizes for two years at - 80oC. The purified antigen was used for detecting IgM against Nam Dinh virus in cerebrospinal fluid from acute encephalitis syndrome patients by indirect IgM-ELISA. The examination of 814 cerebrospinal fluid samples of acute encephalitis syndrome, which were confirmed non-Japanese encephalitis during 1998 - 2004. The positive proportion with Nam Dinh virus antigen has been found to be 6.59 % - 20.06%. Most of positive cases in children were under 15 years old. Acute encephalitis syndrome cases due to Nam Dinh virus mainly occurred in May, June and July, in the same season of Japanese encephalitis in the Northern area of Vietnam.
Antigens ; Encephalitis ; Viruses ; Diagnosis

Particle agglutination assay (PA) was developed and applied for detecting specific IgM antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in recent years. In this study, the sensitivity of PA and MAC-ELISA were 91.11 and 97.77%, respectively
Encephalitis, Japanese ; Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese ; diagnosis

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex* ; Herpes Simplex*

In the year 2002, a new arbovirus strain coded 02VN208 was isolated from cerebro- spinal fluid of patients with acute encephalitis syndrom by C6/36 mosquito cell lines. It’s a virus of 50nm spherical enveloped shape with ARN genetic materia. From a part of the extended sequence,specific primer pair was designed for determining the virus strains of the patients and the mosquitoes isolated by RT-PCR . 6 viral strains belonging to the same genotype of 02VN208 viral strain were confirmed. Results suggested that it’s a new arbovirus named Namdinh virus. Further study should be developed serologically and ultra morphologically
Encephalitis ; Viruses ; diagnosis ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; epidemiology

On 138 serum samples taken in the first 7 days of acute syndrome of brain, by MAC-ELISA technique 95 samples were determined as positive, 68.84% was positive. 43 samples taken in the first 7 days of the disease there was no detected antivirus IgM antibody but this could not concluded as negative, but may be a late antibody response or may be another cause of acute brain syndrome. For assuring the accuracy of the diagnosis, the samples taken in the first 7 days of the disease must be taken again after 7 day to verify the results.
Encephalitis, Japanese ; Diagnosis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

BACKGROUND: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis was discovered less than 10 years ago. Its symptoms and characteristics are not well-defined yet. We experienced a case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with phonemic paraphasia and acalculia that were not classical characteristics. CASE REPORT: A 44-year-old woman started to show dyslexia, phonemic paraphasia, and dyscalculia. These symptoms were gradually worsening for over 30 days. Various brain images were not helpful for primary diagnosis. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis was confirmed in two different laboratories. The patient started to recover with various immunosuppressive therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis can have various symptoms, including phonemic paraphasia and acalculia.
Adult ; Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis* ; Brain ; Diagnosis ; Dyscalculia ; Dyslexia* ; Encephalitis ; Female ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of the most common etiologies of viral meningitis/encephalitis. The early clinical manifestations and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes of VZV meningitis/encephalitis lack specificity, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed as other viral encephalitides or tuberculous meningitis. This study aims to investigate whether the clinical characteristics, CSF analysis findings, and CSF cytokine levels could distinguish VZV meningitis/encephalitis from central nervous system (CNS) herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections. METHODS: The medical records from 157 CNS infections, including 49 HSV (45 HSV-1, 4 HSV-2), 55 VZV, and 53 MTB infections between January 2018 and June 2021 in the Cytology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were retrospectively reviewed. The data of 3 groups included demographic characteristics, laboratory results, radiographic findings, and outcomes. The levels of 12 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17, IFN-γ, IFN-α, and TNF-α) in the CSF of 68 patients (13 HSV, 22 VZV, and 33 MTB infection cases) were quantified. Clinical and laboratory data were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: The most common clinical manifestations in the 3 groups were fever, headache, vomiting, and neck stiffness. The clinical manifestations of HSV and VZV CNS disease were similar, although fever and altered consciousness were less common in the VZV group than those in the HSV and MTB groups (63.6% vs 87.8% vs 96.2%, P<0.001, and 14.5% vs 26.5% vs 47.2%, P=0.004, respectively). Seven patients (7/55, 12.7%) presented cutaneous zoster in the VZV group. CSF leukocyte count was significantly higher in the VZV group (230×10⁶ cells/mL) and MTB groups (276×10⁶ cells/mL) than that in the HSV group (87×10⁶ cells/mL, P=0.002). CSF protein level was significantly higher in the VZV than that in the HSV group (1 034 mg/L vs 694 mg/L, P=0.011) but lower than that in the MTB group (1 744 mg/L, P<0.001). IL-6 (VZV vs HSV vs MTB: 2 855.93 pg/mL vs 2 128.26 pg/mL vs 354.77 pg/mL, P=0.029) and IL-8 (VZV vs HSV vs MTB: 4 001.46 pg/mL vs 1 578.11 pg/mL vs 1 023.25 pg/mL, P=0.046) levels were significantly different among the 3 groups and were elevated in the VZV group.Post hoc analysis revealed that IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in the VZV group than those in the MTB group (P=0.002 and P=0.035, respectively), but not in the HSV group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS VZV meningitis/encephalitis presents with CSF hypercellularity and proteinemia, challenging the classical view of CSF profiles in viral encephalitis. CSF IL-6 and IL-8 levels are elevated in patients with VZV meningitis/encephalitis, indicating a more intense inflammatory response in these patients.
Humans ; Central Nervous System Infections ; Encephalitis ; Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/diagnosis* ; Encephalitis, Viral/diagnosis* ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-8 ; Meningitis ; Retrospective Studies

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is one of the most common autoimmune encephalitis in children with characterized clinical features. Here we review clinical presentations of typical and atypical anti-NMDAR encephalitis and characteristics of clinical presentations of pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis ; diagnosis ; Child ; Humans