1.A connection number-based principal factor analysis forecast method to forecast the encephalitis B epidemics.
Xiu-yang LI ; Kun CHEN ; Ke-qin ZHAO
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2005;26(3):218-220
OBJECTIVETo detect the relations between incidence rate of the epidemical encephalitis B and related factors, to provide a simple, valid and practical new method for forecasting encephalitis B eipdemics.
METHODSConnection number between the incidence rate of encephalitis B and the historical forecast factors was computed, before ranking the first, second and the third principal factor, to remove the factor with the smallest value in the light of the connection number before comparing the newest value of forecast factors with the same kind of history while the most nearly value becoming the forecasting factor value and to establish a forecasting equation according to the factor value and the consistent degree of the incidence rate of encephalitis B at that time. Finally, to put into the new factor value to get this forecast value under this equation. Assuming that there are n' (n' >or= 2) forecast factors, this time forecast value can then be directly obtained from the average of these estimate values.
RESULTSUsing above forecast method to forecast the incidence rate of encephalitis B at certain place and year, the predicting value is very much close to the actual incidence rate. Difference between the predicting value forecasted by the above-mentioned method and the actual incidence rate is only 0.0264/100 000 with an accurate rate of 97.94%.
CONCLUSIONThis principal factor analysis forecast method based on connection number in forecasting the incidence rate of encephalitis B prevention is acceptable.
China ; epidemiology ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; Encephalitis, Viral ; epidemiology ; virology ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Incidence
2.Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Viral Encephalitis.
Seo Young CHOI ; Sang Hyun JANG ; Jin Ok KIM ; Chun Hwa IHM ; Myung Shin LEE ; Soo Jin YOON
Yonsei Medical Journal 2010;51(2):291-292
The World Health Organization declared that a new strain of novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus was responsible for the pandemic infection in June 2009. We report a case of encephalitis diagnosed as the H1N1 virus infection. We describe a 17-year-old patient who had a seizure attack, diagnosed with a H1N1 virus infection via real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The H1N1 virus infection can be causative of the encephalitis, as with other influenza virus infections. Careful monitoring is essential for reducing complications.
Adolescent
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Animals
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Encephalitis, Viral/*diagnosis/*virology
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Humans
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Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*pathogenicity
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Male
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Swine/*virology
3.Detection of the Siberian Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China.
Ran LIU ; Guilin ZHANG ; Xiaoming LIU ; Yuchang LI ; Zhong ZHENG ; Xiang SUN ; Yinhui YANG
Chinese Journal of Virology 2016;32(1):26-31
Until the recent emergence/re-emergence of human-pathogenic viruses in ticks, tick-borne viruses have been neglected as causative agents of human disease (particularly in China). To gain insight into the diversity of tick-borne viruses in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (northwestern China), we conducted illumina deep sequencing-based screening for virus-derived small RNAs in field-collected Ixodes persulcatus ticks. We found 32, 631 unique virus-matched reads. In particular, 77 reads mapped to the tick-borne group within the genus of Flavivirus, and covered 3.8%-2.4% viral genomes. In addition, 32 unique reads were specific to the Siberian subtype of tick-borne encephalitis viruses (TBEV-Sib) which have never been reported in Chinese TBE loci. We confirmed the potential existence of TBEV-Sib by amplification (using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) of genomic fragments from the envelope gene or 3' genomic terminus from the pools of examined ticks. Both sequences demonstrated high homology to TBEV-Sib strains attached geographically to southern Siberia with nucleotide identity of 97.2%-95.5% and aminoacid identity of 99.4%-98.3%, respectively. In conclusion, we report, for the first time, detection of TBEV-Sib in the natural TBE loci of China. These novel data may provide genetic information for further isolation and epidemiologic investigation of TBEV-Sib.
Animals
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Arachnid Vectors
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virology
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China
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Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
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classification
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genetics
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isolation & purification
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Encephalitis, Tick-Borne
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transmission
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virology
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Genome, Viral
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Humans
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Ixodes
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virology
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Molecular Sequence Data
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Phylogeny
5.Study on the phenotypic characteristics of Japanese encephalitis virus strains isolated from different years.
Xin-Yü LIU ; Yong-Xin YU ; Mao-Guang LI ; Hong-Shan XU ; Huan-Yü WANG ; Guo-Dong LIANG ; Li-Li JIA ; Guan-Mu DONG
Chinese Journal of Virology 2008;24(6):427-431
In order to reveal the phenotypic characteristics of 17 JE virus strains isolated from different years, plaque sizes, mice neurovirulence and mice neuroinvasiveness of the isolates were studied and compared. BHK21 cell monolayers were used for testing the plaque sizes. The virus neurovirulence was tested in 9-11g mice inoculated intracerebrally and the virus neuroinvasiveness was tested in 9-11g and 14-16g by subcutaneous inoculation. Results showed that all the viruses produced clear plaques on the BHK21 cell monolayers with different sizes and all the virus strains appeared high neurovirulence in the mice with higher than lg8. 0/0.03 mL virus titers, while no apparent difference among them. The neuroinvasiveness (subcutaneous virulence) tested in the 9-11g mice had shown a little difference, but when tested in the 12-14 g mice,the difference was apparent. The results demonstrated that JEV in nature were highly neurovirulent with no apparent difference. However the neuroinvasiveness of the JEV in nature was greatly different, which didn't relate to the years of isolation and genotypes, but most of the viruses isolated from patients showed higher neuroinvasiveness.
Animals
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Cell Line
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China
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Culicidae
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virology
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Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
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genetics
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isolation & purification
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pathogenicity
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Encephalitis, Japanese
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virology
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Genotype
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Humans
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Mice
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Phenotype
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Viral Plaque Assay
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Virulence
6.Studies on the biological and genetic characteristics of a highly neurovirulent Japanese encephalitis virus strain SA4.
Xin-Yu LIU ; Yong-Xin YU ; Guang-Zhi YUE ; Li-Hong YANG ; Li-Li JIA ; Guan-Mu DONG
Chinese Journal of Virology 2010;26(4):265-270
The biological and genetic characteristics of a highly neurovirulent JE virus strain SA4 were studied. Mice were inoculated intracerebrally with strain SA4 and SA14, and observed for 14 days, respectively. On different days, mice brains were harvested for titrations of the virus content in the brains. Full-length genome of SA4 was sequenced and compared with SA14 as well as other JE virus strains in the world. The results indicated that the mice inoculated by SA4 induced sickness and death more rapidly (24 hours faster) than those induced by the SA14. The virus titers in the brains of mice infected with SA4 were 0.5-1.0 lg PFU/mL higher than that infected with SA14. The sequence comparison indicated that the nucleotide and amino acid homology between SA4 and the other 21 JE strains were 84.6%-99.0% and 95.2%-99.7% respectively. Comparison with strain SA14 revealed that there were 17 amino acid differences between the two strains, of which 5 were in the E protein region. The results demonstrate that strain SA4 is a highly neurovirulent strain. The substitutions of the 17 amino acids in the SA4 strain can be the molecular basis for the biological characteristics of high neurovirulence.
Animals
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Brain
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virology
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Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
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classification
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genetics
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isolation & purification
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pathogenicity
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Encephalitis, Japanese
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mortality
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virology
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Genotype
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Humans
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Mice
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Sequence Analysis
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Viral Envelope Proteins
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genetics
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Virulence
7.Roles of N-glycosylation in immunity of prME and NS1 gene of JEV.
Zi-Zhong ZHANG ; Xue WANG ; Jun-Jie ZAI ; Le-Qiang SUN ; Yun-Feng SONG ; Huan-Chun CHEN
Chinese Journal of Virology 2012;28(3):213-218
PrME and NS1 gene were the two main immuneprotect proteins of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and they were also N-linked glycosylation proteins. To clear the effect of N-glycosylation on JEV immunity, the N-glycosylation site of prME and NS1 gene were eliminated by site-directed mutant PCR, subtituting the N to Q. And the the mutant genes were subcloned into eukaryotic expression plasmid. Four-weeks female mice were immuned with the wildtype and mutant gene by twice. The antibodies against prME were detected by ELISA and the neutralization antibodies were tested by viral neutralizing assay. The immunoprotection were determined by attack with JEV virulent strain. Compare with the wild-type gene immuned-groups, one N-glycan eliminated prME gene could induce a little higher ELISA antibody, neutralization antibody and immunoprotection, but the immunity of gene with both N-glycan absence was decreased. The similar status were observed in the wildtype and mutant NS1 groups. Thus these results show that the N-linked glycosylation in the prME and NS1 gene were correlated with the immunity, one glycan absent would enhance the immunity but both two loss would impair it.
Animals
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Antibodies, Viral
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immunology
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Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
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genetics
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immunology
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metabolism
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Encephalitis, Japanese
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immunology
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virology
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Female
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Glycosylation
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Humans
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Mice
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Mice, Inbred BALB C
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Viral Nonstructural Proteins
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genetics
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immunology
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metabolism
8.Atypical necrotizing encephalitis associated with systemic canine distemper virus infection in pups.
Alexandre Mendes AMUDE ; Selwyn Arlington HEADLEY ; Amauri Alcindo ALFIERI ; Suely Nunes BELONI ; Alice Fernandes ALFIERI
Journal of Veterinary Science 2011;12(4):409-411
This report describes the naturally occurring atypical neuropathological manifestation of systemic canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in two 16-day-old Pit Bull pups. CDV-induced changes affected the gray and white matter of the forebrain while sparing the hindbrain. Histologically, there was necrosis with destruction of the nervous parenchyma due to an influx of inflammatory and reactive cells associated with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within glial cells. Positive immunoreactivity against CDV antigens was predominantly observed within astrocytes and neurons. RT-PCR was used to amplify CDV-specific amplicons from brain fragments. These findings suggest the participation of CDV in the etiopathogenesis of these lesions.
Animals
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Antigens, Viral
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Central Nervous System/pathology/virology
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Distemper/*virology
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*Distemper Virus, Canine
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Dogs
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Encephalitis/pathology/*veterinary/virology
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Necrosis/pathology/*veterinary/virology
9.Research on Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus intrathoracically infected with attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus SA14-14-2 vaccine strain.
Yu-zheng ZHANG ; Hai-lin ZHANG ; Yong-xin YU ; Yun FENG ; Guan-mu DONG ; Wei-hong YANG ; Li-li JIA ; Ya-fu YAO
Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Virology 2005;19(4):344-346
BACKGROUNDTo determine if the attenuated Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus SA14-14-2 vaccine strain interacts efficiently with Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, and further to acquire a new knowledge of its characteristics and safety for human beings.
METHODSLaboratory colonies of the two species of mosquitoes were set up and were inoculated intrathoracically with the attenuated vaccine virus and wild JE virus (Nak), both of which were used with different dilution from 10(-1) to 10(-9). Subsequently, the virus titers in the mosquitoes were detected by the plaque assay.
RESULTSInoculated with the vaccine strain, two species of mosquitoes were infected with the titers ranged from 10(0)-10(-3), and the maximum titers in Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were 4.48 logPFU/ml and 5.63 logPFU/ml, respectively. Inoculated with wild JE virus, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was infected with titers ranged from 10(0)-10(-5), and the maximum titer in the mosquitoes was 6.59; Culex tritaeniorhynchus was infected with titers ranged from 10(0)-10(-4) and the maximum titer was 5.74 logPFU/ml.
CONCLUSIONBy intrathoracic infection, the attenuated JE virus SA14-14-2 vaccine strain can replicate in both species of mosquitoes.
Animals ; Culex ; classification ; virology ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; genetics ; growth & development ; immunology ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; virology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; virology ; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines ; immunology ; Species Specificity ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology ; Viral Plaque Assay
10.Progress in the research of phenotype and genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus in China.
Chinese Journal of Virology 2013;29(4):457-464
Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV)is one of the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of isolated virus strains are reviewed in this paper. Studies on the biological characteristics of the isolates showed that different isolates existed apparent differences in virus plaque morphology, neuroinvasive pathogenicity in mice, protective antigenicity and hemagglutination property. In China, only genotype III JEV strains were isolated before 1977. But since 1977, both genotype I and I JEV strains were isolated and the genotype I virus, which was isolated from mosquitoes mostly, has become the dominant strain. Study on the genomic sequence indicated that there was only a few amino acid difference (< or = 43%) between the two genotype isolates. Comparison between both genotype isolates and widely used live vaccine strain SA14-14-2 revealed that there were only < or = 3% amino acid differences, most of which were the SA14-14-2 unique attenuating sites. These results indicate that the SA14-14-2 live vaccine is able to protect people against infection of the both genotype I and Ill JEV strains.
Animals
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China
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Culicidae
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virology
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Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
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classification
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genetics
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immunology
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isolation & purification
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Encephalitis, Japanese
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immunology
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prevention & control
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virology
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Genome, Viral
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genetics
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Genotype
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Humans
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Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
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immunology
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Mice
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Phenotype
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Species Specificity
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Vaccines, Attenuated
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immunology