OBJECTIVETo develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of prostate cancer at transrectal ultrasound-guided repeat prostate biopsy in Chinese men.

METHODSWe performed repeat biopsy for 170 patients with benign prostate diseases diagnosed on the first biopsy, and analyzed the correlation of positive repeat biopsy with age, prostate volume, PSA, free-to-total PSA (f-PSA/t-PSA), PSA velocity, PSA density, results of digital rectal examination (DRE) and previous histology. We entered the variables stepwise into logistic regression models, and established a nomogram for the risk score on the probability of positive repeat biopsy, whose predictive value was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

RESULTSProstate cancer was detected in 31.8% of the repeat biopsies (54/170). The most accurate predictive nomogram comprised age, PSA, f-PSA/t-PSA, PSA velocity, prostate volume, DRE and previous prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) findings. The nomogram exhibited a high predictive value, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 82.4%, significantly greater than that of the prediction based on PSA density (AUC: 66.9%), prostate volume (AUC: 72.6%), PSA velocity (AUC: 69.6%), f-PSA/t-PSA (AUC: 69.3%), or DRE (AUC: 58.5% ) alone.

CONCLUSIONThe nomogram is an accurate multi-variable predicting tool to determine the probability of positive repeat prostate biopsy.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Area Under Curve ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biopsy, Needle ; methods ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nomograms ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prostate ; pathology ; Prostatic Diseases ; pathology ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; ROC Curve ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVETo evaluate transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic 12-core biopsy of the prostate for the detection and characterization of prostate cancer in different age and prostate specific antigen (PSA) groups.

METHODSTotally 210 patients were divided into four age groups (< or = 59 yr, 60-69 yr, 70-79 yr, and > or = 80 yr) and five PSA groups (0-4 microg/L, 4.1-10 microg/L, 10.1 -20 microg/L, 20.1-50 microg/L, and > 50 microg/L), and underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic 12-core biopsy of the prostate at various sites for detecting prostate cancer. Clinical data and the results of various biopsy schemes were analyzed and compared.

RESULTSNinety-one cases of prostate cancer were detected among the 210 patients, with a total detection rate of 43.3%, and the percentage was higher with the increase of age and PSA level. Larger and higher-grade tumors were associated with older age and higher PSA level, and higher detection rates were related to laterally directed and apical biopsies. The 12-core biopsy outperformed other biopsy schemes in detecting prostate cancer in patients under 60 years of age and with PSA < 20 microg/L.

CONCLUSIONThe 12-core biopsy scheme can make up for the inadequacy of sextant biopsy in detecting prostate cancer, and less influenced by the age and PSA level of the patients. Generally larger and higher-grade tumors are associated with older age and higher PSA level.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biopsy, Needle ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prostate ; diagnostic imaging ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; metabolism ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVETo evaluate autogenous vein grafts and inside-out vein grafts as conduits for the defects repair in the rabbit facial nerves.

METHODSThe 10 mm segments of buccal division of facial nerve were transected for 48 rabbits in this study. Then the gaps were immediately repaired by autogenous vein grafts or inside-out vein grafts in different groups. All the animals underwent the whisker movement test and electrophysiologic test during the following 16 weeks at different time points postoperatively. Subsequently, the histological examination was performed to observe the facial nerve regeneration morphologically.

RESULTSAt 8 weeks after operation, the facial nerve regeneration has significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in electrophysiologic test and histological observation. However, at the end of this study, 16 weeks after operation, there was no significant difference between inside-out vein grafts and standard vein grafts in enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration.

CONCLUSIONThis study suggest that both kinds of vein grafts play positive roles in facial nerve regeneration after being repaired immediately, but the autogenous inside-out vein grafts might accelerate and facilitate axonal regeneration as compared with control.

Animals ; Axons ; physiology ; Facial Nerve ; physiology ; surgery ; Facial Nerve Injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Nerve Regeneration ; physiology ; Rabbits ; Transplantation, Autologous ; methods ; Veins ; transplantation

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of high- and low-grade urothelial carcinoma.

METHODSThe radiological data of 96 patients with urothelial carcinomas who had undergone gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasound from August 2010 to April 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. Pathological examination demonstrated that the tumors were high-grade in 55 cases (high-grade group) and low-grade in 41 cases (low-grade group). The dynamic images were analyzed by time-intensity curve, and the arrival time (AT), peak intensity (PI), time to peak (TTP), and washout time (WT) were measured. The enhancement patterns of different urothelial carcinomas were analyzed.

RESULTSBoth PI (P=0.005) and WT (P=0.002) were significantly higher in high-grade group than in low-grade group, whereas AT (P=0.374) and TTP (P=0.386) showed no significant difference between these two groups. In the high-grade group, 47 cases (85.5%) were identified as fast wash-in and slow wash-out; in the low-grade group, 35 (85.4%) were identified as fast wash-in and fast wash-out. When the enhancement pattern was used as a diagnostic indicator for differentiating urothelial carcinomas, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 85.5%, 90.2%, 87.5%, 92.2%, and 82.2% for high-grade tumor and 85.4%, 90.9%, 88.5%, 87.5%, and 89.3% for low-grade tumor.

CONCLUSIONSDifferent grade urothelial carcinomas show different enhancement finding on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The enhancement pattern can serve as an important diagnostic indicator.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma ; diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography ; Urologic Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of transrectal real-time tissue elastography (TRTE) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa).

METHODSEighty-four patients with suspected PCa and scheduled for prostate biopsies underwent TRTE, digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The findings of TRTE were compared with those of other examinations and pathological findings.

RESULTSOf these 84 patients, 36 had benign lesions and 48 had PCa. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91.7%, 72.2%, 83.3%, 81.5%, and 86.7% for TRTE and 85.4%ì63.9%ì76.2%, 75.9%, and 76.7% for TRUS (P>0.05), while its specificity (72.2%) was significantly higher than that of MRI (44.4%) (P=0.03). The TRTE findings were not significantly correlated with the pathological findings and serum total prostate specific antigen (P>0.05), and the diagnostic sensitivity of TRTE decreased along with the enlargement of prostate. However, the diagnostic specificity of TRTE was higher than MRI for nodules with soft to medium texture (P=0.04).For PCa, the diagnostic sensitivity of TRTE increased when the Gleanson scores of tumors increased (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONTRTE can be used as a diagnostic test to supplement clinical diagnosis of PCa.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; Rectum ; diagnostic imaging ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo develop a predictive nomogram for predicting the prostate carcinoma among Chinese population.

METHODSTotally 556 Chinese male patients who had undergone an initial prostate biopsy in our hospital from July 2004 to February 2009 were enrolled in this study. Variables including age, volume, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, and free PSA (f-PSA)/total PSA (t-PSA) were collected. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the relative risk. Regression equation was established for variables via stepwise regression, via which a nomogram for assessing the positive biopsy results was established, and then the predictive value of this nomogram was evaluated using receiver area under curve (ROC) analysis.

RESULTSOf these 556 patients, cancer was detected in 205 patients (36.87%) via biopsies. Univariate analysis showed that age, prostate volume, PSA levels, and f-PSA/t-PSA were the influencing factors of the nomogram. The risk model performed well in an independent sample, with an AUC(ROC) of 0.8767, which was significantly larger than that of the prediction based on age (AUC(ROC) : 0.6397), prostate volume (AUC(ROC) : 0.7255), PSA (AUC(ROC) : 0.7111), or f-PSA/t-PSA (AUC(ROC) : 0.6973) alone.

CONCLUSIONA preliminary nomogram with high predictive value for Chinese population was successfully established.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Area Under Curve ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biopsy, Needle ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nomograms ; Prostate ; pathology ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; ROC Curve

OBJECTIVETo investigate the value of strain index (SI) by transrectal real-time tissue elastography (TRTE) for differentiation of the prostate peripheral zone lesions.

METHODSTotally 83 patients with suspected prostate cancer underwent the quantitative analysis by TRTE examination. The SI of total lesions (ASI) and peak elasticity in lesion (PSI) were calculated, and the pathologic findings were compared. Then the values of ASI and PSI in the differential diagnosis of prostate lesions were assessed. The influence of Gleanson scores on SI was evaluated.

RESULTSThe area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (or ROC curves) of ASI and PSI were 0.62 (P=0.06) and 0.92 (P=0.00) respectively for the differential diagnosis of prostate peripheral lesions. When a cutoff point of 17.44 was used,PSI had a sensitivity of 74.5% and a specificity of 83.3%. Gleason scores showed no significant difference between PSIü 17.44 group and PSIþ17.44 group ( P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONPSI is helpful for the differential diagnosis of prostate peripheral zone lesions.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prostate ; diagnostic imaging ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUNDHemoconcentration may be an important factor that determines the progression of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). In addition, it has been proposed that biomarkers may be useful in predicting subsequent necrosis in SAP. However, it is still uncertain whether hemodilution in a short term can improve outcome. We aimed to investigate the effect of rapid hemodilution on the outcome of patients with SAP.

METHODSOne hundred and fifteen patients were admitted prospectively according to the criteria within 24 hours of SAP onset. Patients were randomly assigned to either rapid hemodilution (hematocrit (HCT) < 35%, n = 56) or slow hemodilution (HCT > or = 35%, n = 59) within 48 hours of onset. Balthazar CT scores were calculated on admission, day 7, and day 14, after onset of the disease. Time interval for sepsis presented, incidence of sepsis within 28 days and in-hospital survival rate were determined.

RESULTSThe amount of fluid used in rapid hemodilution was significantly more than that used in slow hemodilution (P < 0.05) on the admission day, the first day, and the second day. There were significant differences between the rapid and slow hemodilution group in terms of hematocrit, oxygenation index, pH values, APACHE II scores and organ dysfunction at different time during the first week. There were significant differences in the time interval to sepsis in rapid hemodilution ((7.4 +/- 1.9) days) compared with the slow hemodilution group ((10.2 +/- 2.3) days), and the incidence of sepsis (78.6%) was higher in the rapid group compared to the slow (57.6%) in the first 28 days. The survival rate of the slow hemodilution group (84.7%) was better than the rapid hemodilution (66.1%. P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSRapid hemodilution can increase the incidence of sepsis within 28 days and in-hospital mortality. Hematocrit should be maintained between 30%-40% in the acute response stage.

Acute Disease ; mortality ; therapy ; Adult ; Female ; Hemodilution ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pancreatitis ; mortality ; therapy ; Sepsis ; etiology ; mortality ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUNDMultidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) is an important and emerging hospital-acquired pathogen worldwide. This study was conducted to identify the sources of MDRAB and its role in respiratory tract colonization and nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

METHODSWe conducted a prospective active surveillance study of MDRAB in three ICUs at a Chinese Hospital from April to August 2011, to identify the sources of MDRAB and its role in respiratory tract colonization and nosocomial pneumonia.

RESULTSOne hundred and fourteen (13.0%) MDRAB isolates were detected from 876 specimens, with a sensitivity of 11.6% (55/474) in screening of the pharyngeal and tracheal swabs, and 14.7% (59/402) of the sputum/endotracheal aspirates. MDRAB colonization/infection was found in 34 (26.8%) of 127 patients, including 16 (12.6%) cases of pure colonization and 18 (14.2%) cases of pneumonia (two pre-ICU-acquired cases of pneumonia and 16 ICU-acquired cases of pneumonia). Previous respiratory tract MDRAB colonization was found in 22 (17.3%) patients: eight (6.3%) were pre-ICU-acquired colonization and 14 (11.0%) ICU-acquired colonization. Of eight pre-ICU-colonized patients, five were transferred from other wards or hospitals with hospitalization > 72 hours, and three came from the community with no previous hospitalization. Overall, 6/22 colonized patients presented with secondary pneumonia; only two (9.1%) colonized MDRAB strains were associated with secondary infections. Respiratory tract MDRAB colonization had no significant relationship with nosocomial pneumonia (P = 0.725). In addition, acute respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, renal failure, and prior carbapenem use were risk factors for MDRAB colonization/infection.

CONCLUSIONSA high proportion of cases of MDRAB colonization/infection in ICU patients were detected through screening cultures. About one-third were acquired from general wards and the community before ICU admission. The low incidence of MDRAB colonization-related pneumonia questions the appropriateness of targeted antibiotic therapy.

Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; pathogenicity ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Cross Infection ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology

OBJECTIVEEstablishing the retinal gene expression profiles of non-diabetic rat and diabetic rat and comparing the profiles in order to analyze the possible genes related with diabetic retinopathy.

METHODSThe whole retinal transcriptional fragments of non-diabetic rat and 8-week diabetic rat were obtained by restriction fragments differential display-PCR (RFDD-PCR). Bioinformatic analysis of retinal gene expression was performed using soft wares, including Fragment Analysis. After comparison of the expression profiles, the related gene fragments of diabetic retinopathy were initially selected as the target gene of further approach.

RESULTSA total of 3639 significant fragments were obtained. By means of more than 3-fold contrast of fluorescent intensity as the differential expression standard, the authors got 840 differential fragments, accounting for 23.08% of the expressed numbers and including 5 visual related genes, 13 excitatory neruotransmitter genes and 3 inhibitory neurotransmitter genes. At the 8th week, the expression of Rhodopsin kinase, beta-arrestin, Phosducinìrod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel and Rpe65 as well as iGlu R1-4 were down-regulated. mGluRs and GABA-Rs were all up-regulated, whereas the expression of GlyR was unchanged.

CONCLUSIONThese results prompt again that the changes in retinal nervous layer of rat have occurred at an early stage of diabetes. The genes expression pattern of visual related genes and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in rat diabetic retina have been involved in neuro-dysfunctions of diabetic retina.

Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; genetics ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; methods ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retina ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods