OBJECTIVES: In April 2000, a series of wildfires occurred simultaneously in five adjacent small cities located on the eastern coast of Korea. These wildfires burned approximately 23,794 hectares of forestland over several days. We investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to the by-products generated by wildfire disasters on birth weight. METHODS: Birth weight data were obtained for 1999-2001 from the birth registration database of the Korean National Statistical Office and matched with the zip code and exposed/unexposed pregnancy week for days of the wildfires. Generalized linear models were then used to assess the associations between birth weight and exposure to wildfires after adjusting for fetal sex, gestational age, parity, maternal age, maternal education, paternal education, and average exposed atmospheric temperature. RESULTS: Compared with unexposed pregnancies before and after the wildfires, mean birth weight decreased by 41.4 g (95% confidence interval [CI], -72.4 to -10.4) after wildfire exposure during the first trimester, 23.2 g (95% CI, -59.3 to 13.0) for exposure during the second trimester, and 27.0 g (95% CI, -63.8 to 9.8) during the third trimester. In the adjusted model for infants exposed in utero during any trimester, the mean birth weight decreased by 32.5 g (95% CI, -53.2 to -11.7). CONCLUSIONS We observed a 1% reduction in birth weight after wildfire exposure. Thus, exposure to by-products generated during a wildfire disaster during pregnancy may slow fetal growth and cause developmental delays.

Due to the aging population and tremendous changes in life style over the past decades, cancer has been the leading cause of death in Korea. The incidence rate of breast cancer is the second highest in Korea, and it has shown an annual increase of 6.8% for the past 6 years. The major risk factors of breast cancer in Korean women are as follows: Early menarche, late menopause, late full-term pregnancy (FTP), and low numbers of FTP. Height and body mass index increased the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women only. There are ethnic variations in breast cancer due to the differences in genetic susceptibility or exposure to etiologic agent. With the epidemiological evidences on the possibility of further increase of breast cancer in Korea, the Korean Government began implementing the National Cancer Screening Program against breast cancer in 2002. Five-year survival rates for female breast cancer have improved significantly from 78.0% in early 1993-1995 to 90.0% in 2004-2008. This data indicate that improvement of the survival rate may be partially due to the early diagnosis of breast cancer as well as the increased public awareness about the significance of early detection and organized cancer screening program. The current primary prevention programs are geared towards strengthening national prevention campaigns. In accordance with the improvement in 5-year survival rate, the overall cancer mortality has started to decrease. However, breast cancer death rate and incidence rates are still increasing, which need further organized effort by the Korean Government.
Aging ; Body Mass Index ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Cause of Death ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Formycins ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Life Style ; Menarche ; Menopause ; Pregnancy ; Primary Prevention ; Ribonucleotides ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine factors affecting happiness of adolescents who attended community child centers. METHODS: We surveyed 154 adolescents attending a community child center in P City with a structured self-report questionnaire from October 3 to October 15, 2016. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18.0 descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The mean scores of family strength, friend support, teacher support, and happiness were 3.8±0.84, 3.8±0.98, 3.7±0.84 and 3.7±0.63. There were significant differences in happiness according to the subjects' number of close friends and duration of their stay at the community child center. There were a significant positive correlations among family strength, friend support, teacher support, and happiness. The most significant factors affecting happiness included friend support (β=.40) and peaceable family strength (β=.35). These variables explained 44% of the total variance in happiness. CONCLUSION: It is desirable to prepare and support measures to increase friends' support and family strength in order to improve happiness of adolescents attending community child centers. The findings suggest that it is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs to promote friend support and family strength.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Family Health ; Friends ; Happiness* ; Humans ; Nursing

A Foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract is a common clinical problem seen in all age groups and rarely produces symptoms. However, the foreign bodies should be removed if they produce symptoms or remain in the gastrointestinal tract. A 31-year-old man with schizophrenia ingested a 20-cm-sized toothbrush. It passed through the ileocecal valve and penetrated the hepatic flexure of the colon and liver. It was removed successfully by using a surgical procedure. We report this unusual case of colonic perforation by an ingested toothbrush and review the related literature.
Adult ; Colon* ; Foreign Bodies ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Ileocecal Valve ; Liver ; Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of exercise on neuropathic pain. METHOD: Pain responses between rats in the exercise and control groups were compared to evaluate the effects of exercise in neuropathic pain. Materials consisted of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old, 180~200 g), which were divided into an exercise group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Neuropathic pain was produced by partially injuring the nerve innervating the tail. Running exercise was given on a Rota-rod treadmill exercise machine for 3 weeks (3.1 Km/day, 6 cycle of 9 minutes exercise and 1 minute rest). Behavioral reactions to mechanical allodynia were checked using a von Frey hairs of 2.0 g (19.6 mN) bending force at 10 minutes, 1 hour and 24 hours post-exercise to evaluate the short term effects of exercise. Behavioral reactions to mechanical and thermal allodynia with 4 degrees C or 40 degrees C were evaluated 7, 14, 21 and 28 days following exercise. RESULT: The exercise group exhibited less tail-flick frequencies to mechanical stimulation from 58.8+/-6.8% to 41.1+/-5.4%, 37.6+/-13.2% at 1 and 24 hours post-exercise compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference between the groups at weeks 1 through 4. In the exercise group, the decrease of tail-flick frequencies were blocked by naloxone (2 mg/kg i.p.). It is suggested that long-lasting muscle exercise (e.g. running) which influences central endorphin mechanisms giving analgetic effects. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the hypothesis that the exercise can reduce neuropathic pain in the acute stage.
Animals ; Endorphins ; Hair ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; Male ; Models, Theoretical* ; Naloxone ; Neuralgia* ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Running ; Tail

Aged ; Air Pollutants ; Humans ; Mortality ; Ozone ; Particulate Matter ; Seasons ; Seoul ; Vascular Diseases

OBJECTIVE: To describe the radiographic findings of primary pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in previously healthy adolescent patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study, with a waiver of informed consent from the patients. TB outbreaks occurred in 15 senior high schools and chest radiographs from 58 students with identical strains of TB were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis by two independent observers. Lesions of nodule(s), consolidation, or cavitation in the upper lung zones were classified as typical TB. Mediastinal lymph node enlargement; lesions of nodule(s), consolidation, or cavitation in lower lung zones; or pleural effusion were classified as atypical TB. Inter-observer agreement for the presence of each radiographic finding was examined by kappa statistics. RESULTS: Of 58 patients, three (5%) had normal chest radiographs. Cavitary lesions were present in 25 (45%) of 55 students. Lesions with upper lung zone predominance were observed in 27 (49%) patients, whereas lower lung zone predominance was noted in 18 (33%) patients. The remaining 10 (18%) patients had lesions in both upper and lower lung zones. Pleural effusion was not observed in any patient, nor was the mediastinal lymph node enlargement. Hilar lymph node enlargement was seen in only one (2%) patient. Overall, 37 (67%) students had the typical form of TB, whereas 18 (33%) had TB lesions of the atypical form. CONCLUSION: The most common radiographic findings in primary pulmonary TB by recent infection in previously healthy adolescents are upper lung lesions, which were thought to be radiographic findings of reactivation pulmonary TB by remote infection.
Adolescent ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; *Radiography, Thoracic ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Schools ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology/*radiography

OBJECTIVES: Diabetes and obesity each increases mortality, but recent papers have shown that lean Asian persons were at greater risk for mortality than were obese persons. The objective of this study is to determine whether an interaction exists between body mass index (BMI) and diabetes, which can modify the risk of death by cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: Subjects who were over 20 years of age, and who had information regarding BMI, past history of diabetes, and fasting blood glucose levels (n=16 048), were selected from the Korea Multi-center Cancer Cohort study participants. By 2008, a total of 1290 participants had died; 251 and 155 had died of CVD and stroke, respectively. The hazard for deaths was calculated with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) by Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Compared with the normal population, patients with diabetes were at higher risk for CVD and stroke deaths (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.33 to 2.56; HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.76; respectively). Relative to subjects with no diabetes and normal BMI (21 to 22.9 kg/m2), lean subjects with diabetes (BMI <21 kg/m2) had a greater risk for CVD and stroke deaths (HR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.57 to 5.09; HR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.58 to 6.76; respectively), while obese subjects with diabetes (BMI > or =25 kg/m2) had no increased death risk (p-interaction <0.05). This pattern was consistent in sub-populations with no incidence of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that diabetes in lean people is more critical to CVD deaths than it is in obese people.
Aged ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; *Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/*mortality ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus/*pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/etiology/mortality

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between alcohol consumption habit, types of beverages, alcohol consumption quantity, and overall and cancer-specific mortality among Korean adults. METHODS: The alcohol consumption information of a total of 16 320 participants who were 20 years or older from the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort were analyzed to examine the association between alcohol consumption habit and mortality (median follow-up of 9.3 years). The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of alcohol consumption to mortality adjusting for age, sex, geographic areas, education, smoking status, and body mass index. RESULTS: Alcohol drinkers showed an increased risk for total mortality compared with never drinkers (HR, 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 2.14 for past drinkers; HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.39 for current drinkers), while past drinkers only were associated with higher risk for cancer deaths (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.53). The quantity of alcohol consumed per week showed a J-shaped association with risk of mortality. Relative to light drinkers (0.01 to 90 g/wk), never drinkers and heavy drinkers (>504 g/wk) had an increased risk for all-cause and cancer deaths: (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.45) and (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.83) for all-cause mortality; and (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.11) and (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.39 to 3.09) for all cancer mortality, respectively. Heavy drinkers (>504 g/wk) showed an elevated risk for death from stomach and liver cancers. CONCLUSIONS: The present study supports the existence of a J-shaped association between alcohol consumption quantity and the risk of all-cause and cancer deaths. Heavy drinkers had an increased risk of death from cancer overall and liver and stomach cancer.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects/*mortality ; Analysis of Variance ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/etiology/*mortality ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate xerostomia following intensity modulated radiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancer, and to analyze the correlation between the dosimetric parameters and xerostomia parameters. MATERIALS AND MEHTODS: From February till October 2003, 13 patients with 3 months of follow-up were evaluated for xerostomia after being treated for head and neck cancer with IMRT. Their median age was 57 years (range: 43~77). Xerostomia were assessed with a 4-question xerostomia questionnaire score (XQS) and a test for salivary flow rates (unstimulated and stimulated). The patients were also given a validated LENT SOMA scale (LSC) questionnaire. The evaluations were completed before radiation therapy (pre-RT) and at 1 and, 3 months after radiation therapy (RT). We evaluated xerostomia at pre-RT, 1 and, 3 months after RT. The association between the xerostomia parameters (XQS and LSC) and salivary flow rates (unstimulated and stimulated: USFR and SSFR) was assessed at 1 and 3 months after RT. RESULTS: All 13 patients showed no significant changes in XQS, LSC and Salivary Flow rates. As a result, we couldn`t find out about xerostomia development. Based on the total mean parotid dose, 3,500 cGy, we divided these patients into two groups. The 8 patients (<3,500 cGy) showed no significant changes in XQS, LSC and Salivary Flow rates. However, in 5 patients (> or =3,500 cGy), there was a significant increase in USFR and, SSFR at 3 months after RT, and for the XQS and, LSC at 1 and 3 months after RT. The correlation between XQS and, LSC, and USFR and, SSFR in all patients (13) was significant at 3 months after RT. The correlation had a tendency to the decrease for USFR and, SSFR in proportion to the increase of XQS and, LSC. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, IMRT seem to be an effective treatment to significantly decrease the xerostomia. XQS and, LSC seem to be a effective tool for predicting the xerostomia. A total parotid gland mean dose of <3,500 cGy should be a planning goal if substantial sparing of the gland function is desired. Furthermore, patients should be enrolled in a study to define a more accurate threshold dose for the parotid gland.
Carisoprodol ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head and Neck Neoplasms* ; Head* ; Humans ; Parotid Gland ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Radiotherapy* ; Xerostomia*