The risk factors of Clostridium difficile infections increased in recent years , such as the underlying disease, hospitalization duration, age, the use of antibiotics, the use of proton pump inhibitors and so on.The rate of Clostridium difficile infection and recurrence are still high despite the appear of new antibiotics such as rifaximin, nitazoxanide, tigecycline, ramoplanin, fidaxomicin, and non-antimicrobial such as drugs toxin neutralizer chamber , biological therapeutic agents , fecal transplantation , systemic antibody method , intravenous immunoglobulin and so on.The vaccine is the most ideal way of prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.The research in Clostridium difficile vaccine lasted for nearly 20 years.Except the monoclonal antibody vaccine and toxoid vaccine against toxin A and toxin B have achieved better results in the human , some recombinant vaccines against the toxin receptor and the key pathogenic factor of Clostridium difficile also achieved good effect in animal.

Objective　To study the effects of recombinant BCG-Sj26GST vaccine of schistosoma japonicum of TNF-α and IL-1 produced by spleen cells of mice.Methods　In experiment 1,BALB/C mice were immnized subcutaneously by 106 and 108 CFU vaccine respectively,challenged with Sj cercariae on 8 w of immunization and killed on 6 w of infection to separate spleens,PBS served as control;in experiment 2,after immunized subcutaneously and intravenously by 106 CFU vaccine respectively,4 mice were killed to separate sleens on 0,4,8,10,14 and 16 w of immunization,spleen cells were stimulated by Sj26 or mitogens,the level of TNF-α in supernatant of spleen cells were detected by ELISA,that of IL-1 by fibroblast proliferative response.Results　Levels of TNF-α and IL-1 increased obviously by immunization with the vaccine against challenge with Sj cercariae;dynamic observation showed that TNF-α and IL-1 in the subcutaneous group reached the highest level on 4～8 w;that in the intravenous group on 16 w and 4～8 w respectively.Conclusions　Recombinant BCG-Sj26GST vaccine of schistosoma japonicum may promote spleen cell of mice to secrete TNF-α and IL-1 early,these cytokines may play an important role in protective immunity against schistosomiasis.

Biomarkers ; blood ; Biopsy, Needle ; utilization ; Hepatitis C ; complications ; Humans ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis ; diagnosis ; pathology

Animals ; Endotoxemia ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Mitochondria, Liver ; metabolism ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism

To compare the effect and advantage of performing rhegmatogenous retina detachment surgery under operation microscope with under direct ophthalmoscopes .METHODS: Ninety - three patients ( 93 eyes ) were randomized to two groups, Group A ( under operation microscope during rhegmatogenous retina detachment surgery, 47 cases ) , Group B ( under direct ophthalmoscopes during rhegmatogenous retina detachment surgery, 46 cases ) . All patients were followed up for 2wk to observe success rate and visual improving rate.RESULTS: Total percentage of success was 95. 74% in group A and 80. 43% in group B. The visual improving rate of group A was 82. 98% and it was 67. 39% in group B. Operative time in group A was significantly shorter than that in group B (P<0. 05). CONCLUSlON: Performing rhegmatogenous retina detachment surgery under operation microscope is ascertaining and it is more effective and handy than performing that surgery under direct ophthalmoscopes.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of local administration of recombinant adenovirus of human adiponectin (hAPN) Ad-hAPN-EGFP on tibial defect repair of SD rats.

METHODSTibial defect (2 mm) models of 36 SD rats (72 sides) were randomly divided into three groups (A, B, and C; n=24). The three groups were injected with Ad-hAPN-EGFP, Ad-EGFP, and normal saline, respectively, during operation and the day after operation. A week after the operation, the expression of hAPN and osteogenesis-related factors were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Three weeks after operation, the tibias were examined by micro-computed tomography, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and Masson staining to evaluate the restoration of bone defects.

RESULTS1) The hAPN expression was detected in group A but not in groups B and C. Osteogenesis-related factors expression of group A was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05). 2) Osteogenesis (including bone mineral density, relative bone volume, trabecular number and trabecular thickness) in group A were more evident than those in groups B and C (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between groups B and C (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONLocal administration of recombinant adenovirus Ad-hAPN-EGFP may be an effective strategy to improve the restoration of bone defects in vivo.

Adenoviridae ; Adiponectin ; Animals ; Bone Density ; Bone and Bones ; Humans ; Osteogenesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; X-Ray Microtomography

BACKGROUND:The molecular mechanism of traumatic deep vein thrombosis is complex.Numerous studies focus on clinical observation and epidemiology,but its molecular mechanism has not been a new breakthrough.OBJECTIVE:By use of gene array technology,this study was aimed to study the expression changes of matrix metalloproteinases in rat models of traumatic deep vein thrombosis,and to explore the roles of matrix metalloproteinases in traumatic deep venous thrombosis.METHODS:A total of 150 SD rats,SPF grade,of 8-12 weeks old,body weight of 250-300 g,were divided at random into normal control group (n=10) and model group (n=140).Rat traumatic deep venous thrombosis models were set up by clamping the femoral vein and fixing the bilateral hind limbs,and the fixation of hip spica with plaster bandage was conducted in each group.Then rats were divided into 7 subgroups:post-traumatic 0.5 hours,post-traumatic 2.5 hours (initial period of thrombosis),post-traumatic 25 hours (thrombogenesis at thrombotic crest-time),post-traumatic 25 hours non-thrombogenesis at the thrombotic crest-time),post-traumatic 72 hours (thrombus resolution),post-traumatic 72 hours thrombus insolution) and post-traumatic 168 hours (nonthrombosis).At the corresponding phasess,the femoral vein tissues were incised,and total RNA of femoral vein was extracted using Trizol one-step method.Applying Genechip Rat Genome 430 2.0 genechips,the gene expressions in femoral vein were detected in different groups.The rate of traumatic deep venous thrombogenesis and non-thrombogenesis,the rate of thrombi solution and insolution were observed;the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases at different time phases was detected by gene array data analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Three model rats died and the remaining 147 rats were involved in the final analysis.At the post-traumatic 25 hours,the rate of thrombogenesis was 50.5% and nonthrombogenesis was 49.5%.To the post-traumatic 168 hours,the rate of thrombus solution was 56.7% and thrombus insolution was 43.3%.Both matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases exhibited differential expressions in the course of traumatic deep venous thrombosis.Under the thrombus insolution state,matrix metalloproteinases continued to show a high expression,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase expression was down-regulated in the thrombus formation,was significantly inhibited in the thrombus insoluUon process.In the process of traumatic deep vein thrombosis and insolution,matrix metalloproteinase was closely related to traumatic deep vein thrombosis,the matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases are likely to affect the biological state of thrombosis.

0.05).At post- operative 30 days and 90 days,ECD were(6.39?0.90)%,(6.54?1.24)% respectively in the torsional group and(13.17?1.78)%, (13.67?2.36)% respectively in the US group,the differences between two groups were statistically(P0.05).Conclusion The torsional mode may provide more effective lens re- moval with a lower level of phacoemulsification time and energy.It can reduce the ultrasound energy and the intraocular trauma.(Oph- thalmol CHN,2008,17:82-85)

OBJECTIVETo explore the clinical symptom and effect of arthroscopic treatment of symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cysts of the knee.

METHODSClinical data from 12 symptomatic ACL cysts patients from January 2005 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed,including 8 males and 4 females,with an average age of (33.7±9.5) years old (ranged, 19 to 53 years old). The locations were the left knee in 5 cases and the right knee in 7 cases. The disease duration ranged from 3 to 48 months,with a mean of (15.8±13.2) months. All cysts were arthroscopically resected. Range of motion was measured preoperatively and postoperatively, and Lysholm scoring system was used to evaluate the knee function.

RESULTSAll the incisions healed by first intention, and no complications occurred. Twelve patients were followed up for an average of (32.3±6.6) months(ranged, 24 to 48 months). The symptoms of arthralgia,swelling and interlocking of the affected knees disappeared. There was no recurrence during the follow-up. There were significant differences in the range of motion and Lysholm score between pre-operation and post-operation.

CONCLUSIONArthroscopic surgery, showing its advantages of minimal invasion and rapid recovery,is an effective measure in the treatment of ACL cysts.

Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Arthroscopy ; methods ; Cysts ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Range of Motion, Articular

Acupuncture Therapy ; Altitude ; Animals ; Brain Edema ; prevention & control ; Female ; Hypoxia, Brain ; therapy ; Male ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, Adenosine A1 ; metabolism