OBJECTIVE: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disease with specific psychologic and physical symptoms on luteal phase. Its incidence is variable in 20~80%, but its cause is not definitely proved. Because progesterone and estrogen affect the balance of the body mineral, the alteration of progestorone and estrogen in the patients with PMS may effect the imbalance of tissue mineral, that can induce the specific symptoms of PMS. This study examines the relationship between symptoms of PMS and mineral count by tissue mineral test. METHODS: Women who volunteered for the tissue mineral test completed MMDQ questionnaire and checked blood test for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Zn. The tissue mineral test used the hair not treated within 3 weeks and not washed within 3 hours. The hair was send to TEI for the analysis. We used SPSS (14.0) for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The MMDQ score of the normal Mg group is significantly higher than the high Mg group (22.5+/-17.8 vs. 13.9+/-11.1), and the behavioral disorder score of the normal Na group is significantly lower than the low Na group (2.2+/-1.7 vs. 3.4+/-2.2). The MMDQ score of the normal Cu group is significantly lower than abnormal group (15.7+/-11.9 vs. 24.9+/-16.9). CONCLUSIONS: Total score of MMDQ showed difference according to magnesium and copper concentrations in tissue, and scores of behavioral disorder was affected by sodium concentration of tissue. Additional study about cause and effect relationship is required.
Copper ; Estrogens ; Female ; Hair ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Incidence ; Luteal Phase ; Magnesium ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Progesterone ; Surveys and Questionnaire ; Sodium

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Proper finishing and polishing enhance both the esthetics and the longevity of restored teeth. Blade finishing technique would be suited for smoothing and finishing. Evaluation of this technique are necessary. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the blade finishing and polishing procedures on the surface profile and roughness of ormocer-based composite resin and nanohybrid composite resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The material included a ormocer-based composite resin (Admira(R) & Admira(R) Flow); a nanohybrid composite resin (Grandio(R) & Grandio(R) Flow). One hundred forty specimens of each group were prepared using a mylar strip and randomly divied into blade finishing and rubber polishing groups (n=10). The average surface roughness (Ra) in micrometers was measured and the surface profile was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Magnification X 200). The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney Test at 0.05 significance level. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that the mylar strip produced the smoothest surface on all materials and among the finishing-polishing methods was not significanct difference (P>0.05). Ormocer-based flowable composite resin performedthe lowest variability in initial surface roughness among the tested materials.
Composite Resins ; Esthetics ; Longevity ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Polyethylene Terephthalates ; Rubber ; Tooth

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Over the past decade, increased demand for esthetically pleasing restorations has led to the development of all-ceramic systems. Recent reports suggest that the all-ceramic crowns have excellent physical properties, wear resistance, and color stability. In addition, numerous ceramics have excellent biocompatibility, a natural appearance, and improved physical bonding with resin composite luting agents. However, the brittle nature of ceramics has been a major factor in their restriction for universal usage. Functional occlusal loading can generate stress in the luting agent, and the stress distribution may be affected by the marginal geometry at the finish line. Tooth preparation for fixed prosthodontics requires a decision regarding the marginal configuration. The design dictates the shape and bulk of the all ceramic crowns and influences the fit at the margin. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution within marginal configurations of all- ceramic crowns (90-degree shoulder, 110-degree shoulder, 135-degree shoulder). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The force is applied from a direction of 45 degrees to the vertical tooth axis. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was selected to determine stress levels and distributions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The result of stress level for the shoulder marginal configuration was more effective on stress distribution at 135-degree shoulder margin. But the stresses concentrated around at 135-degree shoulder margin. The stress decreased apically at the surface between cements and alumina core, and increased apically at the surface between alumina core and veneering porcelain.
Aluminum Oxide ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Ceramics ; Collodion ; Crowns ; Dental Cements ; Dental Porcelain ; Finite Element Analysis ; Prosthodontics ; Shoulder ; Tooth ; Tooth Preparation

A Foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract is a common clinical problem seen in all age groups and rarely produces symptoms. However, the foreign bodies should be removed if they produce symptoms or remain in the gastrointestinal tract. A 31-year-old man with schizophrenia ingested a 20-cm-sized toothbrush. It passed through the ileocecal valve and penetrated the hepatic flexure of the colon and liver. It was removed successfully by using a surgical procedure. We report this unusual case of colonic perforation by an ingested toothbrush and review the related literature.
Adult ; Colon* ; Foreign Bodies ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Ileocecal Valve ; Liver ; Schizophrenia

PURPOSE: To determine the CT findings which distinguish consolidation-type bronchioloalveolar carcinoma fromnecrotizing pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This study involved ten patients with pathologically-provenconsolidation-type bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and 34 with necrotizing pneumonia proven pathologically either inthe laboratory or clinically. We retrospectively analyzed CT features including the enhancement pattern ofconsolidated lung, the presence and internal density of cavity within consolidated lung, CT angiogram sign,air-bronchogram, pleural enhancement, pleural effusion, and change in extrapleural tissue and its density. RESULT: CT findings in patients with necrotizing pneumonia showed higher attenuation in marginal (94.1%) and inner(85.3%) portions in consolidated lung than in muscles (p<0.005); the presence of cavity (91.2%, p<0.05) ; cavitywith fluid or air-fluid level (77.4%, p<0.005); pleural enhancement (88.2%, p<0.00003) ; pleural effusion (33.3%,p<0.05); and change in extrapleural tissue (64.7%, p<0.05). CT findings in patients with consolidation-typebronchioloalveolar carcinoma showed lower attenuation in marginal (90.0%) and inner (60.0%) portions ofconsolidated lung than muscles (p<0.005) and of cavity containing air (100%; p<0.005). However, air-bronchogramand CT angiogram signs were not helpful in differentiating the two groups. CONCLUSION: CT can help differentiateconsolidation-type bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and necrotizing pneumonia.
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar* ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Humans ; Lung ; Muscles ; Pleural Effusion ; Pneumonia* ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in hormone receptors of myoma cells and volume decrement of myoma after radiofrequency myolysis. METHODS: From 2005 January to 2006 January, thirty patients who have had high-frequency myolysis were included in this study. Needle aspiration biopsy was done at the central portion of myoma pre- and 6 months post-operation. Radiofrequency myolysis were done for 20 minutes until discoloration of myoma was accomplished to 80%. The stain intensity of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was classified into "negative", "trace", "weak", "moderate" and "strong". RESULTS: The volume decrement was 96.4% in the group that showed trace to week stain intensity (under 50% stain intensity), but it decreased to 66.6% in the group that showed strong stain intensity (over 50%, moderate to strong)(P<0.05). ER showed moderate to strong positive response in 79% of patients before operation, but it showed negative to week response in 83% of patients after the operation. Also, PR showed moderate to strong positive response in 80% of patients before operation, but it showed negative to week response in 86% of patients after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: To coagulate entire myoma, we suggested that controlling the intensity of operation by lengthening the time or expanding the extent of operation was more effective in treatment, because the volume decrement of myoma was larger in case that ER and PR was under 50% before the operation.
Biopsy, Needle ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Leiomyoma ; Myoma ; Needles ; Receptors, Progesterone

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) has been assessed based on the data of the analysis of TB patients notified to the surveillance system in Korea. However, the national status of TB is not validated through this surveillance system. The objective is to determine the epidemiology of TB and to understand the accurate status of TB patients treated in private institutions. METHODS: Medical records of 53,579 patients who had been diagnosed with TB in 2008 were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 53,579 patients, the number of sputum smear positive cases was 15,639(29.2%) and the number of new cases was 39,191 (73.1%). The drug resistance rate of new cases was 5.3%, while the rate stood at 13.3% for TB patients with treatment history. The number of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients was 2,472 (4.6%), which consists of 2.9% of new cases and 9.3% of TB patients with prior treatment history. The number of extensively drug-resistant TB patients was 749 (1.4%), consisting of 1.1% of new cases and 2.2% of TB patients with prior treatment history. In terms of treatment outcomes, 66.4% of all TB patients, 70.5% of new cases, 64.4% of relapse cases, and 46.8% of MDR-TB cases were cured or completed. It was inferred that in 2008, the total number of TB patients reached 70,767, 145.6 per 100,000 people (95% confidence interval, 145.5~145.7). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the medical records review of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) data can be very effective in promoting the understanding of the current status of TB in private institutions.
Data Collection ; Disease Notification ; Drug Resistance ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Recurrence ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) has been assessed based on the data of the analysis of TB patients notified to the surveillance system in Korea. However, the national status of TB is not validated through this surveillance system. The objective is to determine the epidemiology of TB and to understand the accurate status of TB patients treated in private institutions. METHODS: Medical records of 53,579 patients who had been diagnosed with TB in 2008 were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 53,579 patients, the number of sputum smear positive cases was 15,639(29.2%) and the number of new cases was 39,191 (73.1%). The drug resistance rate of new cases was 5.3%, while the rate stood at 13.3% for TB patients with treatment history. The number of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients was 2,472 (4.6%), which consists of 2.9% of new cases and 9.3% of TB patients with prior treatment history. The number of extensively drug-resistant TB patients was 749 (1.4%), consisting of 1.1% of new cases and 2.2% of TB patients with prior treatment history. In terms of treatment outcomes, 66.4% of all TB patients, 70.5% of new cases, 64.4% of relapse cases, and 46.8% of MDR-TB cases were cured or completed. It was inferred that in 2008, the total number of TB patients reached 70,767, 145.6 per 100,000 people (95% confidence interval, 145.5~145.7). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the medical records review of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) data can be very effective in promoting the understanding of the current status of TB in private institutions.
Data Collection ; Disease Notification ; Drug Resistance ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Recurrence ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant

OBJECTIVE: To describe the radiographic findings of primary pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in previously healthy adolescent patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study, with a waiver of informed consent from the patients. TB outbreaks occurred in 15 senior high schools and chest radiographs from 58 students with identical strains of TB were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis by two independent observers. Lesions of nodule(s), consolidation, or cavitation in the upper lung zones were classified as typical TB. Mediastinal lymph node enlargement; lesions of nodule(s), consolidation, or cavitation in lower lung zones; or pleural effusion were classified as atypical TB. Inter-observer agreement for the presence of each radiographic finding was examined by kappa statistics. RESULTS: Of 58 patients, three (5%) had normal chest radiographs. Cavitary lesions were present in 25 (45%) of 55 students. Lesions with upper lung zone predominance were observed in 27 (49%) patients, whereas lower lung zone predominance was noted in 18 (33%) patients. The remaining 10 (18%) patients had lesions in both upper and lower lung zones. Pleural effusion was not observed in any patient, nor was the mediastinal lymph node enlargement. Hilar lymph node enlargement was seen in only one (2%) patient. Overall, 37 (67%) students had the typical form of TB, whereas 18 (33%) had TB lesions of the atypical form. CONCLUSION: The most common radiographic findings in primary pulmonary TB by recent infection in previously healthy adolescents are upper lung lesions, which were thought to be radiographic findings of reactivation pulmonary TB by remote infection.
Adolescent ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; *Radiography, Thoracic ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Schools ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology/*radiography

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short term results of infracoccygeal sacropexy for the management of uterine prolpase or stump prolapse. METHODS: Thirty-four Women who underwent infracoccygeal sacropexy for the management of uterine prolapse or stump prolpase were enrolled this study. Intraoperative or postoperative complications and results of the operation were evaluated and the recurrence rate of pelvic organ prolapse was checked 6 months after operation. RESULTS: Changes of hemoglobin after infracoccygeal sacropexy was 1.7+/-0.9, mean duration of bladder drainage was 3.1+/-1.0 (days). After 2.1 days of operation, foley catheter was removed. Mean inpatient day was 5.2+/-1.0, patient discharged 3.2 days after operation. Recurrence rate after 6 months was 2.9%. Preoperative mean stage of prolapse was 2.7+/-0.7 (stage) and it decreased to 0.4+/-0.6 (stage) 6 months after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Infracoccygeal sacropexy was effective method for the management of uterine/ stump prolapse.
Catheters ; Drainage ; Female ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Pelvic Organ Prolapse ; Postoperative Complications ; Prolapse* ; Recurrence ; Urinary Bladder ; Uterine Prolapse ; Uterus*