Spinal anesthesia is widely used for many obstetric, gynecological, orthopedic, and urological operations. Subdural hematomas may occur after trauma and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is a benign condition and the most frequent complication of spinal anesthesia. The high rate of headache after spinal anesthesia may mask or delay the diagnosis of subdural hematoma. The true incidence of postdural puncture subdural hematoma (PDPSH) is unknown because most affected patients are probably managed without investigation. Therefore, the true incidence of PDPSH may be greater than suggested by previous reports. The differentiation of headache associated with subdural hematoma from PDPH is crucial. We herein report two cases of bilateral subdural hematoma after epidural anesthesia and emphasize the importance of suspicion for PDPSH and careful evaluation of patients with headache after spinal anesthesia.
Anesthesia, Epidural ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Diagnosis ; Headache ; Hematoma, Subdural* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Masks ; Mortality ; Orthopedics ; Post-Dural Puncture Headache* ; Punctures*

Seizures are believed to be a dose-dependent side effect of clozapine. In this case report, we describe a patient who had tonic-clonic seizures after using a low dose clozapine who did not have any seizure risk. The 29-year-old male patient had been followed-up with a diagnosis of schizophrenia for about 5 years. When using clozapine 200 mg/day he had a tonic-clonic seizure with bilateral diffuse epileptic activity in electroencephalography (EEG). In the literature, there are a few case reports about low-dose clozapine-induced seizure. Seizures were observed in our case with a low dose of clozapine (200 mg/day) making this case remarkable. EEG monitoring at regular intervals and examination of plasma levels of clozapine could be useful in preventing the development of seizures.
Adult ; Clozapine ; Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Male ; Plasma ; Schizophrenia ; Seizures*

OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes that has a lifetime prevalence of 0.4–5.5%. The neurochemical mechanism of BD is not fully understood. Oxidative stress in neurons causes lipid peroxidation in proteins associated with neuronal membranes and intracellular enzymes and it may lead to dysfunction in neurotransmitter reuptake and enzyme activities. These pathological processes are thought to occur in brain regions associated with affective functions and emotions in BD. The relationship between the number of manic episodes and total oxidant-antioxidant capacity was investigated in this study. METHODS: Eighty-two BD patients hospitalized due to manic symptoms and with no episodes of depression were enrolled in the study. Thirty of the 82 patients had had their first episode of mania, and the other 52 patients had had two or more manic episodes. The control group included 45 socio-demographically matched healthy individuals. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant capacity (TOC) measurements of the participants were performed. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated by TOC/TAC. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in OSI scores between BD patients with first-episode mania and BD patients with more than one manic episode. However, OSI scores in both groups were significantly higher than in the control group. TOC levels of BD patients with first-episode mania were found to be significantly higher than TOC levels of BD patients with more than one manic episode and healthy controls. There were no significant differences in TAC levels between BD patients with first-episode mania and BD patients with more than one manic episode. TAC levels in both groups were significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Significant changes in oxidative stress indicators were observed in this study, confirming previous studies. Increased levels of oxidants were shown with increased disease severity rather than with the number of manic episodes. Systematic studies, including of each period of the disorder, are needed for using the findings indicating deterioration of oxidative parameters.
Bipolar Disorder* ; Brain ; Depression ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Membranes ; Mood Disorders ; Neurons ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Oxidants ; Oxidative Stress* ; Pathologic Processes ; Prevalence