OBJECTIVETo understand the prevalence of cigarette smoking among employed floating population in China and to provide evidence for developing prevention and control measures targeted at cigarette smoking among them.

METHODSOn the basis of the Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs)System and employed distribution among floating population, the China Non- communicable and Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance in 2012 sampled from 170 DSPs, multi-stage stratified equal-sized cluster sampling method was used and stratified by six occupational groups. Cigarette smoking related information among the employed floating population was collected by face-to-face interviews. The analytical method accounted for the complex sampling design.

RESULTSThere were 48 699 subjects, aged 18-59 years old, eligible and included in this analysis among the surveyed employed floating population. Among them, the prevalence of current smoking was 32.5% (95%CI: 32.0%-33.0%). A significantly higher percentage of men 55.3% (95%CI:54.6%-56.0%)relative to women 1.9% (95% CI:1.7%-2.1%)reported current smoking(χ(2) = 2.6, P = 0.103 7). Among men, differences in current smoking rates remained similar across age groups (χ(2) = 2.6, P = 0.103 7), but the current smoking rate tended to be lower with higher education(χ(2) = 140.7, P < 0.000 1). The current smoking rate in men was the highest(58.6% , 95% CI:57.3%-60.0%)in the floating population working in the construction industry. The prevalent of daily cigarette smoking was 27.9% (95% CI: 27.4%-28.4%), with a significantly higher proportion among men 47.8% (95% CI:47.1%-48.5%) than among women 1.3% (95%CI:1.1%-1.4%). Among daily smokers, the mean number of cigarettes smoked was 15.6(95%CI:15.5-15.8)per day(men:15.7 per day; women: 10.3 per day). The number was higher in men 15.7(95% CI:15.6-15.9)than in women 10.3(95% CI:9.3-11.3). Among daily smoking men, the daily consumed cigarettes number increased with the age increased (t = 34.89, P < 0.000 1), whereas the daily consumed cigarettes number decreased with the increase of education level (t = -14.63, P < 0.000 1). The daily consumed cigarettes number in men was the highest (18.2, 95%CI:17.9-18.6)in the floating population working in the construction industry. There were 47.1% of the daily smokers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day in the floating population aged 18-59, with a higher percentage among men (47.6%) than women (21.9%). The percentage in men increased with age and education level and the heavy smoking rate was the highest in the construction industry (60.4%). Among current smokers, the percentage of attempting to quit was 10.3% (95%CI: 9.7%-10.8%). A higher proportion of women 14.8% (95% CI:11.1%-18.5%), compared to men 10.1% (95% CI:9.6%-10.7%), reported attempting to quit. The rate of attempting to quit among current smokers increased with age. No significant difference in prevalence of attempting to quit by education level or occupation was seen. The percent of successfully quitting smoking was 6.1% (95%CI:5.7%-6.5%). The proportion was higher in women 7.2% (95%CI:4.6%-9.8%)than in men 6.1% (95%CI:5.7%-6.5%). The percentage of quitting smoking successfully increased with age (χ(2) = 269.0, P < 0.000 1). The percent of people who exposed to secondhand smoking was 68.7% (95%CI: 68.1%-69.3%). The percent was higher among men 76.4% (95%CI:75.5%-77.3%) than in women 64.0% (95%CI:63.2%-64.9%).

CONCLUSIONSmoking was more common among men in the employed floating population aged 18-59 years old, especially in the construction industry. Low percent was seen among those who attempting to quit, and the ones who successfully quit were very few.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Employment ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Smoking ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Transients and Migrants ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: The number of patients with depressive symptoms worldwide is increasing steadily, and the prevalence of depression among caregivers is high. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the effects of individuals' caregiving status with respect to their family members requiring activities of daily living (ADLs) assistance on depressive symptoms among those aged 45 or over. METHODS: Data were collected from the 2006-2016 using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging surveys. Participants were categorized into three groups based on their caregiving status with respect to family members requiring ADL assistance: whether they provided the assistance themselves, whether the assistance was provided by other caregivers, or whether no assistance was required. We analyzed the generalized estimating equation model and subgroups. RESULTS: A total of 3744 men and 4386 women were included for the analysis. Men who cared for family members requiring ADL assistance had higher depressive symptoms than those with family members who did not require ADL assistance. Among women, participants who had family members requiring ADL assistance that they themselves or others were providing had higher depressive symptoms than those without family members requiring ADL assistance. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on age, job status, regular physical activities, participation status in social activities, and the number of cohabiting generations. CONCLUSIONS The study results indicated higher depressive symptoms among those with family members requiring ADL assistance and those who care for such family members themselves. This suggests that an alternative to family caregiving is necessary, especially for the elderly, regardless of caregiver sex.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Caregivers ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Depression ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Employment ; statistics & numerical data ; Family ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea ; epidemiology

This study investigated gender differences in symptom profiles of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the Korean general population. Data were pooled from the series of nationwide Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys conducted in 2001, 2006 and 2011, respectively. Of the 18,807 participants, 507 (397 women and 110 men) were diagnosed with MDD within the prior 12 months. In agreement with previous studies, women with MDD appeared to be more vulnerable to experiencing atypical depressive episodes defined as depression with two or more symptoms of fatigue, increased appetite and hypersomnia (P < 0.001). In terms of individual symptoms, female gender was significantly related with higher prevalence of fatigue (P = 0.008), hypersomnia (P = 0.001), noticeable psychomotor retardation (P = 0.029) and suicidal attempts (P = 0.016) with adjustment for birth cohort effect, partner status, and employment status. In the same analysis, men with MDD appeared more vulnerable to decreased libido than women (P = 0.009). This is the first report to demonstrate gender differences in symptomatology of MDD in the general Korean population, and the results are comparable to previous investigations from western societies. Assumingly, the intercultural similarity in female preponderance to atypical depression might reflect the common biological construct underlying the gender difference in mechanism of MDD. In clinical settings, gender differences of MDD should be carefully considered, because these features could be related with treatment response and drug side effects.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Depression/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology ; Employment/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Fatigue/*epidemiology/psychology ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Assessment ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sex Distribution ; Sex Factors ; Spouses/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Symptom Assessment/*statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

INTRODUCTIONThe current study aimed to establish the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) and its association with demographic characteristics, game genre, game use (time spent on gaming), as well as psychological distress, social phobia and well-being among current online gamers in Singapore.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA total of 1251 participants aged 13 to 40 years completed the study which was administered as a web survey. The online questionnaire was designed using QuestionPro, and consisted of 8 sections and 105 questions. The 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder Questionnaire was used to establish the prevalence of IGD in the study. A series of logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between IGD, demographic characteristics and game genre, as well as IGD and psychological distress, social phobia and well-being.

RESULTSThe prevalence of IGD established using a cutoff of 5 among those who were current online gamers was 17.7%. Multiple logistic regressions revealed that those meeting criteria of IGD were more likely to be older, reported an earlier age of onset of playing online games, had primary and secondary education versus tertiary education, were currently students versus being currently employed and played massively multiplayer online role-playing games. Distress and social anxiety were higher while satisfaction with life was significantly lower among those who met criteria for IGD than those who did not meet the criteria.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of IGD and its negative consequences in our sample of current online gamers was significant and point towards the need for further clinical studies and innovative interventions to address the problem.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Behavior, Addictive ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Educational Status ; Employment ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Internet ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Personal Satisfaction ; Phobia, Social ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Prevalence ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Students ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Video Games ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to examine the factors associated with initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among Korean women in relation to their employment status. METHODS: Data were collected using a web-based self-administered questionnaire from 1,031 Korean mothers living in Seoul with babies younger than 24 months. Demographic characteristics, education on breastfeeding, rooming in, breastfeeding during hospital stay, and breastfeeding knowledge were examined. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with initiation and continuation at 1, 6 and 12 months according to mothers' employment status. RESULTS: Breastfeeding initiation rates were similar regardless of mothers' employment status. Continuation rates decreased for both groups of mothers, but were significantly lower among employed mothers at all duration points. Unemployed mothers who were able to keep their babies in the same room during the hospital stay were more likely to initiate breastfeeding. The factor that was consistently associated with breastfeeding continuation for all duration points among unemployed mothers was whether the mother breastfed during the hospital stay. Higher knowledge scores and having an infant with atopic dermatitis were also associated with breastfeeding continuation at 6 months and 12 months, respectively for unemployed mothers, and receiving education on breastfeeding was associated with 12-month continuation for employed mothers. CONCLUSION: These results emphasize the significant roles of hospitals for breastfeeding initiation and continuation, with rooming-in, initial breastfeeding practice and education during hospital stay as important practices. In addition, for working mothers to continue their breastfeeding, significant support from the workplace is crucial.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Breast Feeding/*statistics & numerical data ; Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology ; *Employment ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Internet ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mothers/psychology ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea ; Social Support ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workplace