1.The embryology of persistent cloaca and urogenital sinus malformations.
Asian Journal of Andrology 2020;22(2):124-128
Cloacal malformations are characterized by the confluence of the lower urinary tract, the female reproductive tract, and the rectum to create a common channel with a single opening on the perineum. The presence of a cloaca is a normal phase of early human embryological development. Between the 4th and 7th weeks of gestation, the cloaca undergoes subdivision to form the hindgut and urogenital sinus. Failure of this process results in the congenital anomaly termed persistent cloaca (PC). The term urorectal septum malformation sequence (URSMS) is also used to describe this anomaly. The classic description of this process which is still cited in many standard textbooks dates from the 19th century. However, this has been increasingly called into question by the findings of studies using modern scientific methodology. Urogenital sinus anomalies are defined by the confluence of the urethra and vagina to form a common channel of varying length with a single perineal opening. In this condition, the anorectal canal opens separately on the perineum. The presence of a urogenital sinus represents a transient phase of the normal development of the lower genital tract in the female fetus. However, the form of urogenital sinus most commonly encountered in the developed world is a feature of disordered sexual differentiation and does not arise simply from the persistence of the anatomical structure which is a feature of normal fetal development.
Cloaca/embryology*
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Female
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Humans
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Urogenital Abnormalities/embryology*
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Vagina/embryology*
2.Organogenesis: need of the current world.
Arsalan AHMAD ; Hafiz Muhammad Umer ASLAM ; Muhammad Sohail AFZAL ; Zubair BHUTTA
Chinese Medical Journal 2019;132(7):849-852
Animals
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Brain
;
embryology
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Ear
;
embryology
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Esophagus
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embryology
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Fallopian Tubes
;
embryology
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Female
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Heart
;
embryology
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Humans
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Kidney
;
embryology
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Liver
;
embryology
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Lung
;
embryology
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Male
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Organogenesis
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physiology
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Penis
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embryology
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Rabbits
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Stomach
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embryology
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Vagina
;
embryology
3.Microsurgical Anatomy of the Middle Cerebral Artery.
Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 1998;27(12):1769-1773
The microsurgical anatomy of the middle cerebral artery(MCA) was reviewed. Embryology, segments, major branches, perforating branches, anomalies of the MCA and the anatomy of the Sylvian fissure were summarized.
Embryology
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Middle Cerebral Artery*
4.Studies on sexual organs and embryological development morphology of Pterocypsela formosana.
Long HUA ; Xue-ni MA ; Heng-yu HUANG
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2015;40(2):198-203
In this study, the embryological characters of Pterocypsela formosana (Asteraceae) were investigated with the traditional paraffin section methods. The anther has 4 sporangiates, the anther wall development follows the dicotyledonous type and comprises of an epidermis, endothelium, a middle layer and a single-layered tapetum, the tapetum belongs to glandular type. Meiosis of the microspore mother cells is of the simultaneous type, for the formation of mostly tetrahedral tetrad, the mature pollen grains are 2 celled. The ovary is bicarpellate, unilocular, one ovule and basal placenta, the ovule is unitegmic, tenuinucellate, inverted campylotropous and with developed endothelium, archesporial cell of megaspore differentiates immediately below the nucellar epidermis and functions as megasporocyte after development and belongs to tenuinucellate ovule type. The megasporocyte undergoes meitotic to form a liner tetrad, only one chalazal megaspore becomes the functional megaspore which forms female gametophyte including 7-celled and 8-nucleated after three successive mitosis, the female gametophyte is of the Polygonum type. Two polar nuclei melt into a secondary nuclei before fertilization, the chalazal antipodal cells are ephemeral and degenerate shortly after forming. Fertilization is porogamous and belongs to premitotic type of syngamy. The division of the primary endosperm nucleus is earlier than the zygote, the endosperm is of the nuclear type with the presence of haustoria, and the embryogeny belongs to asterad type chicory variant. The developed suspensor on early stage has important significance to the embryo development.
Asteraceae
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embryology
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Meiosis
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Reproduction
5.1 Case of Transverse Testicular Ectopia.
Suk Young JUNG ; Sung Hak KANG ; Dong Hwan LEE ; Young Jai LEE
Korean Journal of Urology 1990;31(1):136-138
Transverse testicular ectopia is an uncommon anatomical abnormality in which both gonads migrate toward the same hemiscrotum. A case report, review of the embryology, differential diagnosis and suggested management are detailed witha brief review of literature.
Diagnosis, Differential
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Embryology
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Gonads
6.A Giant Mullerian Duct Cyst in Pelvic Cavity.
Kang Soo SHIM ; Sung Tae PARK ; Jun CHEON ; Je Jong KIM ; Sung Kun KOH
Korean Journal of Urology 1997;38(9):1017-1020
A Case of Mullerian duct cyst as a large pelvic mass encountered in 25-year-old man is introduced. The treatment, pathological and radiological appearence are discussed, and also the embryology and history of this entity are reviewed.
Adult
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Embryology
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Humans
7.The influence of learning style in understanding analogies and 2D animations in embryology course.
Suresh NARAYANAN ; Vimala ANANTHY
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2018;51(4):260-265
Undergraduate students struggle to comprehend embryology because of its dynamic nature. Studies have recommended using a combination of teaching methods to match the student's learning style. But there has been no study to describe the effect of such teaching strategy over the different types of learners. In the present study, an attempt has been made to teach embryology using the combination of analogies and simple 2D animations made with Microsoft powerpoint software. The objective of the study is to estimate the difference in academic improvement and perception scale between the different types of learners after introducing analogies and 2D animation in a lecture environment. Based on Visual, Aural, Read/Write, and Kinesthetic (VARK) scoring system the learners were grouped into unimodal and multimodal learners. There was significant improvement in post-test score among the unimodal (P < 0.001) and multimodal learners (P < 0.001). When the post-test score was compared between the two groups, the multimodal learners performed better the unimodal learners (P=0.018). But there was no difference in the perception of animations and analogies and long-term assessment between the groups. The multimodal learners performed better than unimodal learners in short term recollection, but in long term retention of knowledge the varied learning style didn't influence its outcome.
Embryology*
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Humans
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Learning*
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Teaching
8.Development of the lip and palate in staged human embryos and early fetuses.
Ho YOON ; In Sun CHUNG ; Eun Young SEOL ; Beyoung Yun PARK ; Hyoung Woo PARK
Yonsei Medical Journal 2000;41(4):477-484
Cleft lip and palate are the most common congenital malformations in humans. Using 43 staged human embryos and early fetuses ranging from the 4th to 12th week of development, we investigated the development of the lip and palate in order to provide the basic developmental concepts required for managing these anomalies. The lower lip appeared as bilateral mandibular arches at Carnegie stage 11, and these were completely merged at stage 15. The components of the upper lip, medial nasal prominence and maxillary process, appeared at stage 16, and completely merged at stage 20. The median palatine process appeared at stage 16, and the lateral palatine process, at stage 17. The palatine processes and the nasal septum started to fuse abruptly at stage 23, and from external observation seemed to be fused at the 9th week. However, complete fusion did not take place until the 12th week of development. The tongue was prominent at stage 16, showed differentiation of the muscular tissue at stage 21, and was located superior to the lateral palatine process before stage 23. These results may be used in understanding the different mechanisms present in the formation of various congenital anomalies in this region.
Female
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Gestational Age
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Human
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Lip/embryology*
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Palate/embryology*
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Pregnancy
9.A case of Congenital patent urachus.
Youg Hwa PARK ; Suk Ki JOO ; Yong Chan SHIN ; Chang Hwan KIM
Korean Journal of Urology 1964;5(1):73-75
The complex group of changes which occurs during the intrauterine maturation of the urinary tract gives rise to several anomalies including those of the urachus. The occurrence of patent urachus is very rare and 67 cases has been reported by world literature since 1550, first description of patent urachus by Bartholomaeus Gabriolus A brief discussion of embryology, diagnosis and treatment is included for completeness. And a case of congenital patent urachus was seen at Han Ill Hospital.
Diagnosis
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Embryology
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Urachus*
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Urinary Tract
10.Morphogenic development of the pancreas in the staged human embryo.
Hyong Woo PARK ; Yun Moon CHAE ; Tai Sun SHIN
Yonsei Medical Journal 1992;33(2):104-108
The Carnegie stage is widely applied in the field of human embryology, and it is more logical to analyze the embryos by this stage than CR length or menstrual age. In this study, the early development of the pancreas is studied by tissue observation and reconstruction using serial sections of 33 human embryo ranging from Carnegie stages 11 to 23. The dorsal pancreas develops from the dorsal wall of the duodenum in stage 12, and the ventral pancreas from the proximal part of the cystic primordium in stage 13 or 14 as a single epithelial thickening, but in one case, as a bilateral thickening which contains some isolated spaces. The rotation of the ventral pancreas starts in stage 15, and completes in stage 17. Surrounding connective tissue differentiates in stage 18.
Female
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Human
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Pancreas/*embryology
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Pregnancy